TEST 23 – (PART 2)

Statement 1 is correct : The Tamil Nadu Coast remains dry during south-west monsoon season, because the Tamil Nadu Coast is situated parallel to the Bay of Bengal branch of southwest monsoon and it lies in the rainshadow area of the Arabian Sea branch of the south-west monsoon.
Statement 2 is not correct : North West region of India including Punjab, Haryana, Jammu and Kashmir , Himachal Pradesh , Northern Rajasthan and western Uttar Pradesh receive moderate to heavy rainfall due to westerly depression or western disturbances coming from Mediterranean sea. It is beneficial for Early ripening of Rabi crops, especially Wheat. Himalaya receives a considerable amount of snowfall in winter.
Statement 3 is correct : Delhi receives rainfall mostly from Bay of Bengal branch.
Statement 4 is not correct : Monsoon winds unlike trade winds are not steady winds and are pulsating in nature.
Statement 5 is correct : During winter, some parts of Tamil Nadu receives rainfall due to north east trade winds.

High temperature coupled with air convergence reduces the pressure of the equatorial region. Humidity and Coriolis force does not impact the pressure of equatorial region. Hence, options 1 and 4 are correct.

Temperate Deciduous Forests: In the higher latitudes, there are more temperate deciduous forests. These are found in the north eastern part of the USA, China, New Zealand and Chile, and are also found in the coastal regions of Western Europe. They shed their leaves in the dry season. The common trees are oak, ash, beech, etc. Deer, foxes and wolves are the animals commonly found. Birds like pheasants and monals are also found here. Hence, statement 1 is correct.
The Mediterranean trees adapt themselves to dry summers with the help of their thick barks and wax coated leaves, which help them reduce transpiration.
The Mediterranean regions are known as the “Orchards of the World” for their fruit cultivation. Hence, statement 2 is correct.
Conditions in the Mediterranean do not suit grass, because most of the rain comes in the cool season when growth is slow. Even if grasses do survive, they are so wiry [lean, tough] and bunchy that they are not suitable for animal farming. Cattle rearing is thus unimportant in the Mediterranean. Hence, statement 3 is incorrect.

Statement 1 is correct. Relay Cropping – Growing two or more crops simultaneously during the part of the life cycle of each.
A second crop is planted after the first crop has reached its reproductive stage of growth, but, before it is ready for harvest. Often simply referred to as relay cropping. Example: Redgram- base crop for 180 days.
Groundnut/onion/coriander- One set of intercrops. Samai/ thinai/panivaragu- 2nd set of intercrops.
Statement 2 is correct. Ratooning refers to raising a crop with re-growth coming out of roots or stalks after harvest of crops.
Ratooning is a method of harvesting a crop which leaves the roots and the lower parts of the plant uncut to give the ratoon or the stubble crop. This method cannot be used endlessly as the yield of the ratoon crop decreases after each cycle. Ratooning is most often used with crops which are known to give a steady yield for three years under most conditions.
Example – Sugarcane, Banana, Pineapple.
Statement 3 is incorrect. Intensive type of farming is practiced in areas of high population pressure on land. It is labor- intensive farming, where high doses of biochemical inputs and irrigation are used for obtaining higher production.

Tropical cyclones originate and intensify over warm tropical oceans. The conditions favourable for the formation and intensification of the tropical storms are:
I.Large sea surface with temperature higher than 27° C;
II.Presence of the Coriolis Force; Hence, only option 1 is incorrect.
III.Small variations in the vertical wind speed;
IV.A pre-existing weak low-pressure area or low-level-cyclonic circulation; and
V.Upper divergence above the sea level system.

There are four types of fronts:
a.Cold;
b.Warm;
c.Stationary; and
d.Occluded.
When the front remains stationary, it is called a stationary front.
When the cold air moves towards the warm air mass, its contact zone is called the cold front, whereas if the warm air mass moves towards the cold air mass, the contact zone is a warm front. Hence, statements 1 and 2 are incorrect.
If an air mass is fully lifted above the land surface, it is called the occluded front. Hence, statement 3 is correct.
The fronts occur in the middle latitudes and are characterized by steep gradient in temperature and pressure. They bring abrupt changes in the temperature and cause the air to rise to form clouds and cause precipitation.

Black soils swell and become sticky when wet and shrink when dried. So during the dry season, these soil develop wide cracks. Thus, there occurs a kind of self ploughing. Hence, statement 1 is incorrect.
Chemically, the black soils are rich in lime, iron, magnesia and alumina. They also contain potash. But they lack in phosphorous, nitrogen and organic matter. Hence, statement 2 is correct.
They are also known as Regur Soils. Hence, statement 3 is correct.

The variation of insolation (incoming solar radiation) at different locations on the surface of the Earth is influenced by several factors.
The rotation of the Earth on its axis: The rotation of the Earth on its axis causes day and night cycles. Different locations on Earth receive varying amounts of sunlight throughout the day as a result of this rotation.
The configuration of land in terms of its aspect: The aspect, or orientation, of land surfaces can affect how much sunlight they receive. For example, the slope and direction of a mountain or hill can influence the duration and intensity of sunlight exposure.
The transparency of the atmosphere: The atmosphere plays a crucial role in the transmission of solar radiation. Different atmospheric conditions, such as the presence of clouds, water vapor, and other particles, can affect the amount of sunlight reaching the Earth's surface.
The revolution of the Earth on its orbit: The revolution of the Earth around the Sun is responsible for the changing seasons. As the Earth orbits the Sun, different latitudes receive varying amounts of sunlight at different times of the year, leading to seasonal variations in insolation.
So, all four factors listed contribute to the variation of insolation at different locations on the Earth's surface. The interaction of these factors leads to the complex patterns of sunlight distribution that influence climate and weather conditions across the globe.

Thunderstorms and tornadoes are of short duration, occurring over a small area, but are violent. Thunderstorms are caused by intense convection on moist hot days. A thunderstorm is a well-grown cumulonimbus cloud producing thunder and lightning. Hence, statements 2 and 4 are correct.
When the clouds extend to heights where sub-zero temperature prevails, hails are formed and they come down as hailstorm. If there is insufficient moisture, a thunderstorm can generate dust storms. A thunderstorm is characterized by intense updraft of the rising warm air, which causes the clouds to grow bigger and rise to greater height. This causes precipitation.
Later, downdraft brings down to the Earth the cool air and the rain. From severe thunderstorms sometimes spiralling wind descends like a trunk of an elephant with great force, with very low pressure at the centre, causing massive destruction on its way. Such a phenomenon is called a tornado.
Tornadoes generally occur in middle latitudes. The tornado over the sea is called waterspout. Hence, statement 1 is incorrect and statement 3 is correct.

Kaundinya Wildlife Sanctuary is a wildlife sanctuary and an elephant reserve situated in Andhra Pradesh. It is the only sanctuary in Andhra Pradesh with a population of Asian elephants, which migrated after 200 years from neighbouring regions. Hence, pair 1 is correct.
The Debrigarh wildlife sanctuary is located in the Bargarh district in the Indian state of Odisha, covering a total area of 346.91 km2. It is situated near the city of Sambalpur's Hirakud Dam. The Debrigarh Wildlife Sanctuary is an important location for the conservation of various local wildlife and their habitat. It is home to a wide variety of flora and fauna. The sanctuary is bound on the east and north by the huge Hirakud reservoir. It is one of the select few sanctuaries in the state supporting both terrestrial and aquatic biodiversity; which further attracts a significant number of migratory waterfowl during winter; and is also home to over 250 plant species, many of which have ethno-botanical and medicinal value. Debrigarh Wildlife Sanctuary is a Eco-sensitive Zone from both a ecological and environmental point of view and to prohibit industries or class of industries and their operations and processes in the said Eco-sensitive zone. Hence, pair 2 is incorrect.
Tungareshwar wildlife sanctuary also known as Tungareshwar National Park is located on a plateau east of Vasai and Virar in Palghar district, north of Mumbai in the Indian state Maharashtra. Hence, pair 3 is incorrect.

Kambala (or Kambla/Kambula) is an annual buffalo race held in the southwestern Indian state of Karnataka. Traditionally, it is sponsored by local Tuluva landlords and households in the coastal districts of Dakshina Kannada and Udupi of Karnataka and Kasaragod of Kerala, a region collectively known as Tulu Nadu. Hence, pair 1 is correct.
Bail Gadi Shariat is held in Maharashtra. This event was an essential feature of the Ganapati festival and the annual village festival called ‘Jatra’. Hence, pair 2 is correct.
Jallikattu is typically practised in the Indian state of Tamil Nadu as a part of Pongal celebrations on Mattu Pongal day, which occurs annually in January. Jallikattu is similar to Bullfighting in Spain. Hence, pair 3 is correct.
Bulbul fight is held only on the day of makar sankranti, which also coincides with bhogali bihu – the harvest festival – of Assam. Hence, pair 4 is correct.

The Matching of the Continents (Jig-Saw-Fit): The shorelines of Africa and South America, facing each other, have a remarkable and unmistakable match. It may be noted that a map produced using a computer programme to find the best fit of the Atlantic margin was presented by Bullard in 1964. It proved to be quite perfect. Hence, statement 3 is correct.
The Rocks of the Same Age across the Oceans: The radiometric dating methods developed in the recent period have facilitated correlating the rock formation from different continents across the vast ocean. Hence, statement 1 is correct.
Tillite: It is the sedimentary rock formed out of the deposits of the glaciers. The Gondawana System of sediments from India is known to have its counterparts in six different landmasses of the Southern Hemisphere. At the base, the system has thick tillite, indicating extensive and prolonged glaciation. Counterparts of this succession are found in Africa, the Falkland Island, Madagascar, Antarctica and Australia. Overall resemblance of the Gondawana-type sediments clearly demonstrates that these landmasses had remarkably similar histories.
The occurrence of rich placer deposits of gold in the Ghana coast and the absolute absence of the source rock in the region is an amazing fact. Hence, statement 2 is correct.
Distribution of Fossils: When identical species of plants and animals adapted to living on land or in fresh water are found on either side of the marine barriers, a problem arises regarding the accounting for such distribution.

About Boundary of India :
India has land boundary of about 15,200 km
The Northern most point – Indira Col ( Ladakh UT)
Southern most point – Pygmalion Point or Indira Point is located at 6° 45′ N latitude.
Eastern most point – Kibithu In Arunachal Pradesh
Western Most point – Ghaur Moti ( Gujrat )
The total length of the coastline of the mainland, including Andaman and Nicobar and Lakshadweep, is 7,516.6 km.

The Brahmaputra River System :
Statement 1 is correct : The Brahmaputra has its origin in the Chemayungdung glacier of the Kailash range near the Mansarovar lake.
Statement 2 is correct : From here, it traverses eastward longitudinally in a dry and flat region of southern Tibet, where it is known as the Tsangpo, which means ‘the purifier’. The Rango Tsangpo is the major right bank tributary of this river in Tibet.
Statement 3 is incorrect : It emerges as a turbulent and dynamic river after carving out a deep gorge in the Central Himalayas near Namcha Barwa (7,755 m). The river emerges from the foothills under the name of Siang or Dihang. It enters India west of Sadiya town in Arunachal Pradesh. The Subansiri which has its origin in Tibet, is an antecedent river.
In Bangladesh, the Tista joins it on its right bank from where the river is known as the Jamuna. It finally merges with the river Padma, which falls in the Bay of Bengal.

INDUSTRIAL DEVELOPMENT :
The cotton textile Industry is one of our traditional industries. The sugar Industry is based on local raw materials which prospered even in the British period.
Statement 1 is correct : The industries can be classified as –Weight losing industry – The final produce is in less Quantity than input raw material are called Weight losing industry . For Example – Iron & Steel Industry , Sugar cane industry, Paper Industry , Cement Industry etc. These Industries are mainly established in the Raw Material Area.
Statement 2 is incorrect : Footloose industry – these industries can be established at any place like – cotton Industry.
Footloose Industries –
Footloose industries can be located in a wide variety of places. They are not dependent on any specific raw material, weight losing, or otherwise. They produce in small quantities and also employ a small labour force. These are generally not polluting industries. The important factor in their location is accessibility by road network.
Statement 3 is correct : Weight gain Industry – These are market based industries hence they are established near the Market . For Example – Bakery Industry.

Industrial locations are complex in nature. These are influenced by the availability of many factors. Some of them are:
Availability of Raw Material, Power Resources, Availability of water, Labour, Transportation, Availability of Market and Capital.

For ease of convenience, we can classify the location factors into two: geographical factors and non-geographical factors.
Geographical Factors
Raw material: Availability of natural resource that can be used as raw material.
Technology: To turn the resource into an asset with value.
Power: To utilize the technology.
Labour: Human resource in the area who can function as labor to run the processes.
Transport : Road/rail connectivity.
Storage and warehousing.
Marketing feasibility.
Characteristics of land and soil.
Climate.
Precipitation and water resources.
Vulnerability to natural resources.
Non-geographical Factors
Capital investment.
Availability of loans.
Investment climate.
Government policies/regulations.
Influence of pressure groups.

Statement 1 is correct. Dry spells in the monsoon are known as the break in monsoon. Dry spells occur both in northern India as well as on the western coast of India.
Statement 2 is correct. There are two rain-bearing systems in India during the monsoon period:
1.First branch originate in the Bay of Bengal branch of the Southwest Monsoon causing rainfall over the plains of north India.
2.Second is the Arabian Sea branch of the Southwest Monsoon which brings rain to the west coast of India.
The monsoon season is indeed associated with continuous rainfall, but it does not mean that there are no breaks or intervals of dry weather during the entire monsoon period. Hence, Statement 3 is not correct.
The monsoon season in India generally spans from June to September, and it is characterized by the arrival of the southwest monsoon winds. These winds carry moisture from the Indian Ocean and bring rain to various parts of the country.
Statement 4 is correct : The monsoon season in India can bring both floods and droughts, and the impacts can vary significantly from year to year and from region to region.
Statement 5 is correct : Monsoon is not steady winds. They are irregular in nature affected by different atmospheric conditions i.e. due to regional climatic conditions.
Statement 6 is correct : Tropical cyclones can originate in the Andaman Sea and cause heavy rainfall in India's eastern coast, especially after the retreat of the monsoon.
Tropical cyclones, also known as hurricanes or typhoons in different parts of the world, are intense low-pressure systems that form over warm ocean waters near the equator. The Andaman Sea, located in the northeastern Indian Ocean, provides favorable conditions for the formation and intensification of tropical cyclones.
During the monsoon season, the Indian subcontinent experiences the southwest monsoon, which brings heavy rainfall to the region. As the monsoon season retreats from India's eastern coast, the ocean waters in the Bay of Bengal remain warm and conducive for the development of tropical cyclones.
After the monsoon season, the sea surface temperatures in the Bay of Bengal are still relatively high, providing the energy needed for the formation and strengthening of tropical cyclones. When atmospheric conditions are favorable, a disturbance in the atmosphere can lead to the development of a tropical cyclone over the Andaman Sea.

Statement 1 is incorrect. Water with high salinity is denser than water with low salinity.
•The atomic mass of a Chlorine atom is more than that of an Oxygen atom. Therefore, saline water contains more of Nacl (salt) and hence more chlorine. This leads to increase in mass and thus the density of the water.
Statement 2 is correct. Differences in water density affect the vertical mobility of ocean currents. Denser water tends to sink whereas warm water tends to rise.
•Cold-water ocean currents occur when the cold water at the poles sinks and slowly moves towards the equator. Warm-water currents travel out from the equator along the surface, flowing towards the poles to replace the sinking cold water.
Statement 3 is correct. Ocean currents are generally referred to by their “drift”. Ocean currents are stronger at the surface and may attain speeds over 5 knots. At depths, ocean currents are generally slow with speed less than 0.5 knots.

About Quinary Industry –
This sector includes top executives or officials in such fields as government, science, universities, nonprofits, health care, culture, and the media. It may also include police and fire departments, which are public services as opposed to for-profit enterprises.
Economists sometimes also include domestic activities (duties performed in the home by a family member or dependent) in the quinary sector.

Cement Industry – China produces the most cement globally by a large margin, at an estimated 2.1 billion metric tons in 2022. China's cement production share equates to over half of the world’s cement.
Statement 1 is incorrect : India was the world's second-largest cement producer, with production amounting to a distant 370 million metric tons in 2022. Vietnam was the third-largest global producer that year, at 120 million metric tons.
Statement 2 is correct : India has moved from 4th largest producer of crude steel to the second largest producer of crude steel from 2014-15 to 2022-23 standing just behind China which is the largest exporter of crude steel in the world.India has reported a hike of 42% in Crude steel production from 88.98 MT(Metric ton) in 2014-15 to 126.26 MT in 2022-23.
Statement 3 is correct : According to GlobalData, India is the world's third-largest producer of iron ore in 2022.

Hamlet
A hamlet is a small human settlement.
In British geography, a hamlet is considered smaller than a village and distinctly without a church.
Officially, a hamlet differs from a village in having no commercial premises, but has residences and may have community buildings such as churches and public halls.
Village
A village is a clustered human settlement or community, larger than a hamlet but smaller than a town, with a population ranging from a few hundred to a few thousand.
In the past, villages were a usual form of community for societies that practice subsistence agriculture, and also for some non-agricultural societies. According to the 2011 census of India, 68.84% of Indians (around 833.1 million people) live in 640,867 different villages.

TRIBES OF WORLD
Abhors are the tribe of Arunachal Pradesh which are mainly found in the temperate and Sub-tropical region.
Afridis: North West Frontier (Pakistan)
Aleuts: Alaska
Ainus: Japan
Bantus: Negros living in Central and South Africa
Bedouin: Sahara and Middle East
Bindibu or Aborigines: Australia
Boers: Dutch settlers of South Africa
Bushman: Kalahari
Chukchi: NE Asia, USSR, North Siberia
Cossacks: Southern and Eastern frontiers of Russia
Eskimos: Greenland, North Canada, Alaska, N Siberia, Arctic region
Fulani: Western Africa
Fleming: People of Belgium
Gobi Mongols: Gobi
Guicas: Amazon forest area
Hamites: North-West Africa
Hausa: North Nigeria
Hottentots: Hot tropical Africa
Ibanas: Equatorial rain forest region of South-East Asia
India Tribes: Amazon basin
Kalmuk: Central Asia
Kazakhs: Kazakhstan
Kirghiz: People living in Central Asia
Koryaks: N. Siberia, Eurasian
Kurds: Kurdistan, Iraq
Lapps: N. Finland, Scandinavian country
Magyar: Hungary
Maoris: New Zealand
Masai: East & Central Africa
Meos: Myanmar
Negros: Mostly found in Africa
Orang Asli: Malaysia
Pygmies: Short sized people found in Congo basin in Africa
Red Indian: North America
Semangs: East Sumatra
Semites: Caucasian people of ancient times
Tapiro: Papua New Guinea
Turrets: Sahara
Yakuts: Siberia
Zulus: People of South Africa living in a certain part of Natal

Saramati Peak is situated in the state of Nagaland whereas Nokrek is situated in the state of Meghalaya.
Annapurna and Makalu are a part of Nepal, where Makalu is to the east of Annapurna.
Kamet peak and Nanda Devi lie in the state of Uttarakhand with Nanda devi to the east of Kamet. Hence, the correct order from the east to west direction is Saramati, Nokrek, Makalu, Annapurna, Nanda Devi, and Kamet.

Semul tree (Bombax Ceiba) It is found in the Moist Deciduous Forests which record rainfall between 100 to 200 cm.
From the Bhil tribe in Rajasthan to The Khuman clan of the Meetie community in Manipur, many tribal communities consume semal because of its medicinal properties while others worship and protect the tree.
Ecologically, the tree plays an important role in attracting several creatures like birds, butterflies, bees, and spiders.

Asbestos is a set of six naturally occurring silicate minerals, which all have in common their eponymous asbestiform habit: i.e., long (roughly 1:20 aspect ratio), thin fibrous crystals, with each visible fiber composed of millions of microscopic “fibrils” that can be released by abrasion and other processes.
They are commonly known by their colors, as blue asbestos, brown asbestos, white asbestos, and green asbestos.
Inhalation of asbestos fibers can cause serious and fatal illnesses including lung cancer, mesothelioma, and asbestosis (a type of pneumoconiosis). Hence, Statement 1 is correct.
Chrysotile accounts for 80% of asbestos of commercial use. Hence, Statement 2 is correct.
Andhra Pradesh is the largest producer of Asbestos in India. Hence, Statement 3 is incorrect.

Upheaval in the western Himalayas took place in Pleistocene period.
During Miocene period, a mighty river called Shiwalik traversed the entire longitudinal extent of Himalaya to finally discharge in the Bay of Bengal.
Shiwalik river flowed during the Miocene period.
Pleistocene upheaval in the western Himalayas created a water divide between the Indus and Ganga river systems.
The downward thrusting of the Malda gap area between the Rajmahal hills and the Meghalaya plateau took place during the mid-Pleistocene period.
This event diverted the Ganga and the Brahmaputra systems to flow towards the Bay of Bengal.

Equatorial region experiences both conventional and orographic rainfall.
Unlike the temperate regions, the growing season here is all the year round – seeding, flowering, fruiting and decaying do not take place in a seasonal pattern.
Epiphytes are plants that grow on the surface of other plants, such as trees or shrubs, without deriving nutrients from the host plant. They obtain moisture and nutrients from the air, rainwater, and debris that accumulate around them.
The equatorial region, also known as the tropical rainforest region, is characterized by high temperatures, abundant rainfall, and high humidity throughout the year. These environmental conditions create a suitable habitat for epiphytes to thrive.
In tropical rainforests, such as those found in the equatorial regions of Central and South America, Africa, Southeast Asia, and some parts of Oceania, epiphytes are commonly seen growing on the trunks, branches, and leaves of tall trees. Some common examples of epiphytes found in these regions include various species of orchids, ferns, mosses, and bromeliads.

Statement 1 is not correct : The Indian Standard Meridian (ISM) does not cut across the center of Andhra Pradesh. The Indian Standard Meridian, which is used as the standard longitude for India, passes through Mirzapur in the state of Uttar Pradesh. It is located at 82.5 degrees East longitude.
The Indian Standard Meridian (ISD) passes through the states of Uttar Pradesh, Madhya Pradesh, Chhattisgarh, Odisha, and Andhra Pradesh. It passes an area in the eastern Andhra Pradesh.
Statement 2 is correct : ISD covers least distance in the state of Madhya Pradesh. It traverses through its Eastern Boundary.
Statement 3 is correct : Indian Standard Time is +5.30 Hours ahead of Greenwich Mean Time.

Jawahar Tunnel is also known as the Banihal pass.
The Lipulekh pass is located at the trijunction of India-Tibet and Nepal.
Lampiya dura is also located in the state of Uttarakhand but northern to the Lipulekh.
Mana pass is in the Indian state of Uttarakhand in the Nandadevi Biosphere reserve. Khangchendzonga Biosphere Reserve is a mixed Heritage site under the Man and Biosphere Programme located in the state of Sikkim.
Palghat pass is located in Kerala. It is located between the Nilgiris in the north and the Annamalai hills to the south.
Banihal Pass in Jammu and Kashmir is located in the Pir Panjal range. It is also called the Jawahar tunnel. It connects the Kashmir valley to the outer Himalayas.

Rare Earths are a group of 17 elements starting with lanthanum in the periodic table of elements and include scandium and yttrium.
They are moderately abundant in earth’s crust but not concentrated enough to make them economically exploitable. A number of rare-earth minerals contain thorium and uranium in variable amounts, but they do not constitute essential components in the composition of the minerals.The principal sources of Rare Earths are bastnaesite, xenotime, and monazite (a phosphate).
Statement 1 is not correct : Monazite is radioactive (presence of Thorium and Uranium) is often found in placer deposits. India, Madagascar, and South Africa have large deposits of monazite sands. The deposits in India are particularly rich in monazite and are found in sands of both rivers and beaches.
Statement 2 is correct : Monazite is a source of rare earth. Monazite contains thorium. Monazite occurs naturally in the entire Indian coastal sands in India. In India, Government bodies only can process or export monazite.
Statement 3 is correct but 4 is not correct : Andhra pradesh, Tamil Nadu and Odisha have appreciable monazite resources.
Uranium and Thorium for India’s nuclear program are sourced from these regions.

Statement 1 is correct: Petroleum coke or pet coke, is a solid carbon rich (90% carbon and 3% to 6% sulfur) material derived from oil refining. It is categorized as a ―bottom of the barrel fuel.
Statement 2 is not correct: It is a dirtier alternative to coal and emits 11% more greenhouse gases than coal. India is the world”s biggest consumer of petroleum coke.

Statement 1 is correct : The eye of a tropical cyclone is a region of calm and subsiding warm air. There is little or no precipitation and sometimes blue sky or stars can be seen.
Statement 2 is correct : Ordinary thunderstorms develop vertically, meaning upright from the ground. In the tropical cyclones, there is high rotational energy and air does not climb up directly. Instead, it takes a swirly, roundabout path. So, while they reach the height of 10 to 12 kilometers the rising motion isn’t quite as strong to produce lightning.
Statement 3 is not correct : Tropical cyclones are known by various names in different parts of the world. In the North Atlantic Ocean and the eastern North Pacific they are called hurricanes, and in the western North Pacific around the Philippines, Japan, and China the storms are referred to as typhoons.

Omega block is a high- pressure pattern that blocks and diverts jet streams. When an omega shaped wave is present on the jet stream which arcs over Europe, warm dry air from southern Europe and Africa can be pulled north, pushing temperatures higher than normal.
An important consequence of this phenomena is formation of Spanish plume, in which very warm air moving northwards from Spain towards the UK rises and leads to formation of cumulonimbus clouds and heavy rainfall.

Uttar Pradesh is the only Indian state which has maximum number of neighbouring states/UTs. Uttar Pradesh shares its borders with 9 different states/UTs. The neighbouring states/UTs of Uttar Pradesh are Uttarakhand and Himachal Pradesh in the north-west; Delhi, Haryana and Rajasthan in the west; Madhya Pradesh in the south; Chhattisgarh in the south-east; and Bihar and Jharkhand in the east. Hence, statement 1 is correct.
The states bordering Assam: West Bengal in the west; Arunachal Pradesh in the north-east; Nagaland and Manipur in the east; and Mizoram, Tripura and Meghalaya in the south. Hence, statement 2 is incorrect.
The states neighbouring Chhattisgarh: Uttar Pradesh in the north; Jharkhand in the north-east; Odisha in the east; Telangana in the south-west; Maharashtra and Madhya Pradesh in the west; and Andhra Pradesh in the south. Hence, statement 3 is correct.
Meghalaya and Sikkim are the only two Indian states which have only one neighbouring state each. Meghalaya borders with Assam only and Sikkim borders with West Bengal only. Hence, statement 4 is correct.

Statement 1 is correct : Mizoram is also known as the Molassis basin made of soft unconsolidated deposits.
Statement 2 is not correct : Mahabharat range is located in Nepal above the Shivalik range. Hence, it does not form a boundary between India and Nepal.
Statement 3 is not correct : Aksai Chin is an Indian territory under the occupation of China, located in the UT of Ladakh. It is a part of Ladakh Plateau.
Statement 4 is correct : Nubra valley is a triangular valley formed with the confluence of river Nubra and Shyok. It can be accessed through the Khardung La pass, which is located in Leh region of Ladakh.

Statement 1 is not correct : Agriculture sector is largely responsible for the emission of greenhouse gases. The highest percentage of greenhouse gases from agriculture is added by the Livestock products. Rice accounts for the second largest share in the emission of Greenhouse gases.
Statement 2 is correct : Agriculture is the prime occupation of the people living in the areas of Monsoonal climates. Crops like rice, sugarcane, jute, etc. are grown in these areas.
Statement 3 is correct : Water used for Indian agriculture accounts for about 80 per cent of freshwater resources.
Statement 4 is correct : Cattle production is the highest source of emissions from agriculture sector in India.

In general, shelterbelts (windbreaks) are strips of vegetation composed of trees and shrubs grown along the coasts to protect coastal areas from high velocity winds and also from devastations like the ones caused by tsunami. Example: SunderbAns act as natural shelterbelts in West Bengal and help minimize the impact of various cyclones in the area.
They also enhance the biodiversity in the area while helping enhance soil fertility and health too. Agriculturists have a long history of enhancing crop growth by manipulating soil and plant microclimates, through use of irrigation, glasshouses, shelterbelts and windbreaks, snow fences, wind machines, surface mulches, certain tillage practices, alley cropping, and agroforestry.
They also serve the purpose of sand binders and prevent sand erosion.

Statement 1 is not correct : The moist deciduous forests are found in the regions, which record rainfall between 100 and 200 cm. The trees drop their leaves during the spring and early summer when sufficient moisture is not available (Autumn is the season between summers and winters).
This process is known as Abscission. They are also called ‘Monsoon forests.’
Statement 2 is correct : Total area covered by moist deciduous forests is almost 25 times the area covered by Littoral and Swamp Forests.
Statement 3 is correct: India receives Southwest monsoon winds in summer and Northeast monsoon during winter.

Metallic minerals are the minerals containing one or more metals. These usually occur as mineral deposits and are a great heat and electricity conductor. They can be ferrous or non-ferrous.
Metallic Minerals are classified as Ferrous and Non-ferrous minerals. Manganese is an example of Ferrous mineral.
Nickel is a chemical element with symbol Ni and atomic number 28. It is a silvery-white lustrous metal with a slight golden tinge. Nickel is a hard and ductile transition metal.
Chromite is a dark grey, metallic, oxide mineral. Due to its metallic luster and occasional magnetic properties, chromite is often mistaken for magnetite. Chromite can often be found in basic igneous rocks, and in the metamorphic and sedimentary rocks created by rocks containing chromite that were affected by weather.
Dolomite is not a mineral that is metallic in nature. Dolomite is actually a common rock-forming mineral that is composed of calcium magnesium carbonate (CaMg(CO3)2). It is a double carbonate, meaning it contains both calcium and magnesium ions along with carbonate ions.
Dolomite is often found in sedimentary rocks and can be formed through the alteration of limestone by magnesium-rich groundwater. It typically occurs in white, gray, or pinkish colors and has a pearly to vitreous luster. It is commonly used as a construction and ornamental stone due to its hardness and durability.
Bauxite is primarily a metallic mineral though it is also used as an industrial mineral. It is the only ore used for large scale aluminium production.
Mica is a non metallic mineral. Mica is a mineral made up of a series of plates or leaves. It splits easily into thin sheets. These sheets can be so thin that a thousand can be layered into a mica sheet of a few centimetres high.

Natural gas (also called fossil gas; sometimes just gas) is a naturally occurring hydrocarbon gas mixture consisting primarily of methane, but commonly including varying amounts of other higher alkanes, and sometimes a small percentage of carbon dioxide, nitrogen, hydrogen sulfide, or helium.
It is formed when layers of decomposing plant and animal matter are exposed to intense heat and pressure under the surface of the Earth over millions of years. Natural gas is a non-renewable hydrocarbon fossil fuel, found in deep underground rock formations or associated with other hydrocarbon reservoirs in coal beds and as methane clathrates.
The PSUs have detected recoverable natural gas reserves in various states.( Andhra Pradesh, Arunachal Pradesh, Assam, Gujarat, Jharkhand, Madhya Pradesh, Rajasthan, Tamil Nadu, Tripura, Nagaland, West Bengal)

India is a significant consumer of illicit drugs, with a substantial portion of the drugs consumed domestically also serving as a transit point for trafficking to other countries in the region. The country's extensive transportation infrastructure and porous borders make it a strategically important hub for drug traffickers. Hence, statement 1 is correct.
The Golden Crescent is a term used to refer to a region in South Asia, not North America. It encompasses parts of Afghanistan, Iran, and Pakistan and is recognized as one of the world's major opium-producing areas. The region's complex political landscape and lack of effective governance have contributed to its prominence in the illicit drug trade. Hence, statement 2 is incorrect.
The Golden Crescent also dominates the cannabis resin market due to the high resin yields of the region (145 kg/ha), four times more than Morocco (36 kg/ha). Hence, statement 3 is correct.

The rapid mass movements are mostly prevalent in humid climatic regions and occur over gentle to steep slopes. The rapid mass movements include:
Earth flow: Movement of water saturated clayey or silty earth materials down low angle terraces or hill sides is known as earth flow.
Mud flow: In the absence of vegetation cover and with heavy rainfall, thick layers of weathered materials get saturated with water and either slowly or rapidly flows down along definite channels. It looks like stream of mud within a valley.
Debris Avalanche: It is more characteristic of humid regions with or withoutvegetation cover and occurs on narrow tracks on steep slopes. It is similar to snow avalanche.
Solifluction: Slow down slope flowing soil mass or fine grained rock debris saturated or lubricated with water.
In terms of speed of mass movements, Debris Avalanche > Mud flow > Earth flow > Solifluction.

Statement 1 is incorrect : The Himalayas in the northwestern region are aligned in the Northwest to southeast direction while the Himalayas in the Northeastern region are not continuous and aligned in various directions.
Darjeeling and Sikkim in the Northeast direction. Arunachal Pradesh in the Southwest to Northeast direction.
Nagaland, Manipur, and Mizoram in the North south direction.
Statement 2 is incorrect : Meghalaya and Karbi Anglong hills in Assam are an extension of the Peninsular Plateau. They are a part of the Northeastern plateau and not the Deccan Plateau.
Statement 3 is incorrect : Darjeeling, Sikkim and the Arunachal Himalayas are different from the rest as there is an absence of Shivalik in these areas. In place of Shivalik, duar formations are found in these areas which are used for the cultivation of the plantation crops. Hence, duar are different from Shivaliks and not an extension of it.

The Savanna are the tropical grasslands characterized by a distinct wet and dry season. They are most developed in Sudan and hence also called the Sudan climate. They are found in West African Sudan, Eastern Africa, and the southern parts of Africa above the tropic of Capricorn. There are two distinct regions of Savanna both North and South of the equator in South America. Llanos are found near Orinoco basin whereas Campos are found in the Brazilian highlands.
Tropical grasslands are known as campos in Brazil, llanos in Venezuela and savanna in East Africa. Temperate grasslands in Argentina are known as pampas. Hence statement 1 is not correct.
The Westerlies are not the dominant factor in shaping the climate of savanna regions. The climate of savannas is primarily influenced by the Intertropical Convergence Zone (ITCZ) and the seasonal shift of the Hadley Cell circulation. Hence statement 2 is not correct.
Savanna, also spelled savannah, vegetation type that grows under hot, seasonally dry climatic conditions and is characterised by an open tree canopy (i.e., scattered trees) above a continuous tall grass understory (the vegetation layer between the forest canopy and the ground). The largest areas of savanna are found in Africa, South America, Australia, India, the Myanmar (Burma)–Thailand region in Asia, and Madagascar. In general, savannas grow in tropical regions 8° to 20° latitudes from the Equator. Hence statement 3 is not correct.
Conditions are warm to hot in all seasons, but significant rainfall occurs for only a few months each year—about October to March in the Southern Hemisphere and April to September in the Northern Hemisphere. Mean annual precipitation is generally 80 to 150 cm although in some central continental locations it may be as low as 50 cm.
The dry season is typically longer than the wet season, but it varies considerably, from 2 to 11 months. Mean monthly temperatures are about 10 to 20 °C in the dry season and 20 to 30 °C in the wet season. Grasses and trees that grow in the savanna have adapted to life with little water and hot temperatures. Hence statement 4 is correct.
Grasses, for example, grow quickly in the wet season when water is abundant and turn brown in the dry season to conserve water.

The dynamics of the Intertropical Convergence Zone (ITCZ) play a crucial role in influencing the characteristics of the Indian monsoon rainfall.
ITCZ is formed because of the convergence of the trade winds. The Northeast trade winds from Northern Hemisphere and southeast winds from the southern hemisphere converge here, forming Inter Tropical convergent zone (ITCZ).
The ITCZ follows the sun in that the position varies seasonally. It moves north in the Northern Hemisphere summer and south in the Northern Hemisphere winter. Therefore, the ITCZ is responsible for the wet and dry seasons in the tropics.
During summer – in the northern hemisphere, the ITCZ shifts from approximately 40 degrees to 45 degrees North.
Because of this shift, the southeastern trade winds in the southern hemisphere cross the equator and reach the northern hemisphere. Under the influence of Coriolis, the force acting upon it in the northern hemisphere gets deflected in the anticlockwise direction and strikes the Indian mainland as southwestern winds.
This shift is responsible for the occurrence of monsoons in India.
So, the assertion is correct, and the reason explains the assertion.
So, option (A) is correct.

Deep sea Plains are extensive, flat plains between the Continental Slope and Ocean abyss. It accounts for 82.7% of the total Oceanic area and covers the portion of the ocean falling between 2000-6000m in depth. The vast monotony of featureless deep sea plains is broken by the presence of features like ridges and guyots.
The ocean expedition discovered that the deep sea plains of the Atlantic and Pacific oceans are highly rugged. However, in the case of the Indian Ocean, the deep sea plains were found to be highly leveled, perhaps due to their formation from large hard lava extending over hundreds of kilometers. So, Option (D) is correct.

Statement 2 is correct : The Sea of Galilee is Israel's largest freshwater lake. At 209 meters below sea level, it is the lowest freshwater lake on Earth, and the second lowest lake in the world after the Dead Sea, a saltwater lake.
Statement 1 is correct : It lies in northern Israel, between the occupied Golan Heights and the Galilee region. It is fed by underground springs but its major source is the Jordan River.
Statement 3 is not correct : The Jordan flows into the lake and then exits it before ending in the Dead Sea, the saltiest and the lowest point on the planet.

Turkey is a large peninsula that bridges the continents of Europe and Asia. Turkey is surrounded on three sides by the Black Sea, the Mediterranean Sea, and the Aegean Sea. Istanbul, the largest city in Turkey, is built on land in the Bosporus seaway. The city is partly in Europe and partly in Asia. Turkey is larger than the state of Texas.

Assertion is false: Geostrophic wind moves parallel to Isobar.
Reason is true: Because of the pressure gradient force, an air parcel that is initially at rest can pass from high pressure to low pressure (PGF). In the northern hemisphere, however, the Coriolis force deflects the air parcel to the right as it continues to pass (to the left on the southern hemisphere). The deflection increases as the wind speed rises until the Coriolis force equals the pressure gradient force.

New folded mountains are also caller Tertiary Mountains. All the old folded mountains were originated before Tertiary period. The folded mountains of Caledonian and Hcrcynian mountain building periods come under this category.
These mountains have been so greatly denuded that they have now become relict folded mountains, for example, Aravallis, Vindhyachal etc. The Alpine folded mountains of Tertiary period arc grouped under the category of new folded mountains, for example, Rockies, Andes, Alps, and Himalayas etc.
New folded mountains are mainly formed along the destructive plate margins, also known as convergent plate boundaries.

The crystal size in the igneous rocks is more a function of the quickness of the process of cooling rather than of the mineral content. The mineral content determines the melting point of the rocks and the basaltic lava having a higher content of metallic minerals solidifies rapidly once it reaches the surface.

At the close of the Cretaceous period (144- 65 Million years), peninsular India witnessed a major phase of volcanic activity. It was a remarkable event in the geology of India, where numerous lava flows were poured out mainly through fissure-type of volcanic eruption and covered a vast area of the Deccan Plateau in western and central India.
These lava flows formed one of the Largest Igneous Provinces in the world, known as the Deccan Traps or Deccan Volcanic Province.
It consists of a composite thickness of more than 6,500 feet (>2,000 m) of flat-lying basalt lava flows and covers an area of nearly 200,000 square miles (500,000 square km) in west-central India. The Deccan lava covers about 5 lakh sq km of area in Gujarat (Katch, Kathiawad), Maharashtra, Madhya Pradesh (Malwa Plateau), Chhattisgarh, northern Andhra Pradesh, and north-western Karnataka. So, Statement 1 is correct.
When the molten magma comes out from the volcano, it cools and becomes solid. These rocks are called igneous rocks(also called primary rocks).
They are two types:
– Intrusive rocks (molten magma cools down slowly, deep inside the earth’s crust forming intrusive rocks such as Granitic rocks, which are hard and forms large grain structure)
– Extrusive rocks (molten lava comes onto the earth’s surface, it rapidly cools down and becomes solid forming extrusive rocks such as Basaltic rocks, which are very fine-grain structured) Deccan Trap volcanism is associated with a deep mantle plume or hot spot. The plume or hot spot caused the continent to break apart. This Hotspot is known as the Reunion hotspot. The reunion Hotspot is suspected of both causing the Deccan Traps eruption and opening the rift that separated the Mascarene Plateau from India.
Thus the Deccan trap is largely made of Basaltic rocks and not Granitic rocks. So, Statement 2 is not correct.
The Indian lava plateau (Deccan Trap) has a maximum thickness of around 3000 m along the coast of Mumbai, after which it thins down towards the south and east. It is around 800 m in Kachchh, 150 m in Amarkantak, and 60 m in Belgaum (Karnataka). Individual lava flows range in thickness from 5 m to 29m on average. Such discharges were discovered in digging near Bhusawal (Maharashtra). So, Statement 3 is not correct.

Only statement 1 is correct : Diamond occurrences have been reported since prehistoric times in the country. Presently, diamond fields of India are grouped into four regions:
South Indian tract of Andhra Pradesh, comprising parts of Anantapur, Kadapa, Guntur, Krishna, Mahabubnagar and Kurnool districts;
Central Indian tract of Madhya Pradesh, comprising Panna belt; Behradin-Kodavali area in Raipur district and Tokapal, Dugapal, etc. areas in Bastar district of Chhattisgarh;
Eastern Indian tract mostly of Odisha, lying between Mahanadi and Godavari valleys. India depends largely on imports of rough gem diamonds for its Cutting and Polishing Industry as there is no notable production except for two producers in Madhya Pradesh whose limited production is too sparse to meet the Cutting and Polishing Industry’s requirements.
The cut and polished diamonds are predominantly re- exported.

The Dandakaranya plateau is a physiographic region in eastcentral India.
It includes the Abujhmar Hills in the west and borders the Eastern Ghats in the east.
The Dandakaranya plateau includes parts of Chhattisgarh, Odisha, Telangana and Andhra Pradesh states. Hence, statement 1 is correct.
The region derives its name from the Dandak forest in the Hindu epic Ramayana.
It was successively ruled by the Nalas, the Vakatakas, and the Chalukyas in the ancient times and now is the home of the Gond tribe. Hence, statement 2 is correct.
Most of the region is a sanded-over peneplain, with a gradual downward slope from north to south-west.
The Dandakaranya plateau consists of wide, forested plateaus and hills that rise abruptly on the eastern side and gradually decrease in elevation toward the west.
It is drained by the Mahanadi River (with its tributaries, including the Tel, the Jonk, the Udanti, the Hatti and the Sandul) and the Godavari River (with its tributaries, including the Indravati and the Sabari). Hence, statement 3 is correct.
The plateaus and hillsides have a thin veneer of loamy soils, while the plains and valleys have fertile alluvial soils. The region has economically valuable moist forests of sal (Shorea robusta), that occupy almost half of its total area.
Industries consist of rice and dal (pigeon pea) milling; saw milling, bone-meal manufacturing, bidi (cigarette) making, bee keeping, and furniture making. There are deposits of bauxite, iron ore and manganese. Hence, statement 4 is correct.

Factors Controlling Temperature Distribution: The temperature of air at any place is influenced by:
The latitude of the place;
The altitude of the place;
Distance from the sea, the air-mass circulation;
The presence of warm and cold ocean currents; and
The local aspects.
The latitude: The temperature of a place depends on the insolation received. The insolation varies according to the latitude; hence the temperature also varies accordingly.
The altitude: The atmosphere is indirectly heated by the terrestrial radiation from below. Therefore, the places near the sea-level record higher temperature, than the places situated at higher elevations. In other words, the temperature generally decreases with increasing height. The rate of decrease of temperature with height is termed as “the Normal Lapse Rate”. It is 6.5°C per 1,000 m.
Distance from the sea: Another factor that influences the temperature is the location of a place with respect to the sea. Compared to the land, the sea gets heated slowly and loses heat slowly. The land heats up and cools down quickly. Therefore, the variation in temperature over the sea is less as compared to the land. The places situated near the sea come under the moderating influence of the sea and the land breezes, which moderate the temperature.
Air-mass and ocean currents: Like the land and the sea breezes, the passage of air masses also affects the temperature. The places, which come under the influence of warm air masses experience higher temperature and the places that come under the influence of cold air masses experience low temperature. Similarly, the places located on the coast, where the warm ocean currents flow, record higher temperature, than the places located on the coast, where the cold currents flow.
The longitude of a place does not affect the temperature. Hence, only option 6 is incorrect.
The aspect of a place means whether it is Sun facing or not. It determines the temperature in the mountain areas.

The Earth, as a whole, does not accumulate or loose heat. It maintains its temperature. This can happen only if the amount of heat received in the form of insolation equals the amount lost by the Earth through terrestrial radiation. Hence, statement 1 is correct.
Actually, most of the incoming solar radiation from the Sun is not absorbed by the Earth's atmosphere. Instead, the majority of the Sun's energy is absorbed by the Earth's surface. The Earth's atmosphere is mostly transparent to incoming solar radiation, allowing it to reach the surface. Hence, statement 2 is incorrect.
Equatorial areas generally receive a surplus of net radiation. The equator receives more solar radiation than other latitudes because the Sun's rays are nearly perpendicular to the Earth's surface at the equator. This results in a higher solar energy input. Hence, statement 3 is correct.

When the moisture is deposited in the form of water droplets on cooler surfaces of solid objects (rather than nuclei in the air above the surface), such as stones, grass blades and plant leaves, it is known as dew. The ideal conditions for its formation are clear sky, calm air, high relative humidity, and cold and long nights. For the formation of dew, it is necessary that the dew point is above the freezing point. Hence, statement 2 is correct.
Frost forms on cold surfaces when condensation takes place below the freezing point (0 degree C), i.e., the dew point is at or below the freezing point. The excess moisture is deposited in the form of minute ice crystals, instead of water droplets. Hence, statement 1 is correct.
The ideal conditions for the formation of white frost are the same as those for the formation of dew, except that the air temperature must be at or below the freezing point.
Condensation can occur when the dew point is below freezing or 0° C, and it can also occur when the dew point is above freezing. Hence, statement 3 is correct.

Population of any place will change over a period. Population dynamics, including growth, decline, and stability, are common phenomena observed in various regions around the world. Hence, A is incorrect.
Absolutely, birth rate, death rate, and migration are key factors that influence the population of a region. Hence, R is correct.
The birth rate is the number of live births per 1,000 people in a given population over a specific period.
High birth rates contribute to population growth, as the number of new individuals entering the population is greater than those leaving due to death.
Low birth rates relative to death rates can lead to slower population growth or even population decline over time.
The death rate is the number of deaths per 1,000 people in a given population over a specific period.
High death rates relative to birth rates can result in population decline.
Low death rates relative to birth rates contribute to population growth, as fewer individuals are leaving the population due to death.
Migration involves the movement of people into (immigration) or out of (emigration) a region.
Immigration contributes to population growth in a region, as individuals are added to the population.
Emigration can lead to population decline, as individuals leave the region.

Water conservation is indeed a critical issue, and many regions, including India, face challenges related to water scarcity and inefficient water management. Implementing effective policies and laws for the conservation of water resources is crucial for ensuring sustainable water use. Hence, A is correct.
The declining per capita availability of water in India due to a growing population and pollution of existing water resources is a significant concern. Hence, R is correct.

The type of settlement often depends on historical, geographical, economic, and cultural factors influencing its development. Urban and regional planning plays a crucial role in shaping settlements and ensuring their sustainability and functionality. The growth and development of settlements, whether rural or urban, are influenced by a variety of physical factors. These factors play a crucial role in determining the location, size, and nature of settlements.
Types of Settlements :
Temporary settlements
Rural settlements (Countryside) : Isolated building, Hamlet, Village, Small market town
Permanent settlements
Urban settlements (Towns and cities) : Larger industrial town, City, Conurbation and capital cities

Statement 1 is correct : The Cuddapah Rock system is found in Andhra Pradesh, Chhattisgarh, Maharashtra, Tamil Nadu, Delhi, Rajasthan, and lesser Himalayas.
It is so-called as it is found in the Cuddapah district of Andhra Pradesh.
They were formed when sedimentary rocks like sandstone, limestone, etc., and clay were deposited in synclinal folds i.e. between two mountain ranges.
Statement 2 is correct : Gold was mined near the origin of the river at a village named Piska near Ranchi. This is why it was named Subarnarekha, meaning “streak of gold”. Legend has it that traces of gold were found in the river bed. Even now, people look for traces of gold particles in its sandy beds. The name is a combination of two words meaning gold and line/ streak in Indian languages.
Statement 3 is correct : Bauxite deposits in India are found in Amarkantak plateau, Maikal hills, and the plateau region of Bilaspur-Katni.

The lines of longitudes are not parallel to each other because they come closer to each other as they approach the North and the South pole. Hence, statement 1 is correct and statement 2 is incorrect.
The lines of longitude are of equal length. Each line of longitude equals half of the circumference of the Earth because each extends from the North Pole to the South Pole. Hence, statement 3 is correct.
Lines of longitude are used to measure time zones, and each 15-degree increment of longitude corresponds to one hour of time difference. This forms the basis for measuring local time around the world. Hence, statement 4 is correct.

I-GEIC has been established in Kerala. It will fill the gap between R&D and commercialization by providing a complete facility to startup and industry. Maker Village is a pioneering startup initiative of the Ministry of Electronics and Information Technology, Government of India with Indian Institute of Information Technology, Trivandrum as the implementation agency and Kerala Startup Mission as the supporting partner. Hence, statements 1 and 2 are incorrect.
Graphene is a single layer of carbon atoms arranged in a hexagonal lattice, forming a honeycomb-like structure. It is considered a two-dimensional material due to its thinness, being only one atom thick. Hence, statement 3 is correct.

Seafloor spreading, theory that oceanic crust forms along submarine mountain zones, known collectively as the mid-ocean ridge system, and spreads out laterally away from them. This idea played a pivotal role in the development of the theory of plate tectonics, which revolutionized geologic thought during the last quarter of the 20th century.
Mid-oceanic ridges are underwater mountain ranges where new oceanic crust is formed through volcanic activity. As tectonic plates move apart at these ridges, magma from the mantle rises to the surface, solidifies, and creates new crust. Because of this process, the rocks closest to the mid-oceanic ridges are the youngest. Hence, statement 1 is correct.
The age difference between oceanic crust and continental crust is primarily due to the process of plate tectonics. The Earth's lithosphere is divided into tectonic plates, which are constantly moving. At oceanic ridges, new oceanic crust is formed through a process called seafloor spreading. Because of this process, the rocks at the mid-ocean ridges are relatively young compared to those found in continental crust. Hence, statement 2 is correct.
The age of the rocks is also quite similar, adding strong proof to the research. Hence, statement 3 is correct.

The Nilgiri Biosphere Reserve was the first biosphere reserve in India established in the year 1986.
It is located in the Western Ghats and includes 2 of the 10 biogeographical provinces of India.
Wide ranges of ecosystems and species diversity are found in this region. Thus, it was anatural choice for the premier biosphere reserve of the country.
The Nilgiri Biosphere Reserve was established mainly to fulfill the following objectives:
Protected Areas under biosphere
Silent Valley National Park
•Mukurthi National Park
Bandipur-Nagarhole Tiger Reserve
Mudumalai Wildlife Sanctuary
Wayanad Wildlife Sanctuary
Aralam Wildlife Sanctuary
Sathyamangalam Wildlife Sanctuary and Tiger Reserve

Scrub typhus is a life-threatening infection caused by Orientia tsutsugamushi bacteria and is a major public health threat in South and Southeast Asia. According to estimates, nearly one million cases of scrub typhus are reported from South and Southeast Asia every year, with a 10% mortality rate. India accounts for at least 25% of the disease burden of scrub typhus.
Therefore, all four statements are correct.

Both the statements are correct.
Bauxite is basically an aluminous rock that contains hydrated aluminium oxide as main constituent and iron oxide, silica & titania as minor constituents present in varying proportions. Hydrated aluminium oxides present in the bauxite ore are diaspore and boehmite, Al2O3.H2O (Al2O3-85%; Al-45%); gibbsite or hydrargillite, Al2O3.3H2O (Al2O3-65.4%; Al-34.6%), and bauxite (containing colloidal alumina hydrogel), Al2O3.2H2O (Al2O3-73.9%; Al-39.1%).
The resources of Refractory and Chemical grades are limited and together account for about 4%. By States, Odisha alone accounts for 51% of country's resources of bauxite followed by Andhra Pradesh (16%), Gujarat (9%),Jharkhand (6%), Maharashtra (5%) and Madhya Pradesh & Chhattisgarh (4% each).

Limestone is a sedimentary rock composed mainly of calcium carbonate (CaCO3) in the form of the mineral calcite.
Karnataka is the leading state having 27% of the total resources followed by Andhra Pradesh and Rajasthan (12% each), Gujarat (10%), Meghalaya (9%), Telangana (8%), Chhattisgarh and Madhya Pradesh (5%each) and remaining 12% by other states. Gradewise, cement grade (Portland) has leading share of about70% followed by Unclassified grades (12%) and BFgrade (7%).

Copper is a soft, malleable, and ductile metal with very high thermal and electrical Conductivity.
Copper is one of the few metals that occurs in nature indirectly usable metallic form (native metals) and is an important non-ferrous base metal having wide industrial applications, ranging from defence, space programme, railways, power cables, mint, telecommunication cables, etc. India is not self-sufficient in the production of copper ore.

Dam – State – River
Bhavani Sagar dam – Tamil Nadu – Bhavani
•Tungabhadra Dam – Karnataka – Tungabhadra
•Rihand Dam – Uttar Pradesh – Rihand
•Maithon Dam – Jharkhand – Barakar
•Koyna Dam – Maharashtra – Koyna
•Bisalpur Dam – Rajasthan – Banas
•Mettur Dam – Tamil Nadu – Kaveri
•Krishnarajasagar Dam – Karnataka – Kaveri
•Indira Sagar Dam – Madhya Pradesh – Narmada
•Cheruthoni Dam – Kerala – Cheruthoni
•SardarSarovar Dam – Gujarat – Narmada
•NagarjunaSagar Dam – Telangana – Krishna
•Hirakud dam – Odisha – Mahanadi
•BhakraNangal Dam – Punjab-Himachal Pradesh Border – Sutlej
•Tehri Dam – Uttarakhand – Bhagirathi

Silk production in India
•India has the unique distinction of being the only country producing all the five known commercial silks, namely, mulberry, tropical tasar, oak tasar, eri and muga, of which muga with its golden yellow glitter is unique and prerogative of India.
•Mulberry sericulture is mainly practised in five states namely, Karnataka, Andhra Pradesh, Assam and Bodoland, West Bengal, Jharkhand and Tamil Nadu are major silk producing states in the country.
•North East has the unique distinction of being the only region producing four varieties of silk viz., Mulberry, Oak Tasar, Muga and Eri. Overall NE region contributes 18% of India's total silk production.
•India is the second largest producer of silk in the world. Among the four varieties of silk produced in 2015-16, Mulberry accounts for 71.8%

Brucellosis is a bacterial disease that mainly infects cattle, swine, goats, sheep and dogs.
Humans can get infected if they come in direct contact with infected animals or by eating or drinking contaminated animal products or by inhaling airborne agents.
According to the WHO, most cases of the disease are caused by ingesting unpasteurized milk or cheese from infected goats or sheep.

An “Agro-climatic zone” is a land unit in terms of major climates, suitable for a certain range of crops and cultivars. Hence, Statement 1 is correct.
Agro-climatic conditions mainly refer to soil types, rainfall, temperature and water availability which influence the type of vegetations. An agro-ecological zone is the land unit carved out of agro-climatic zone superimposed on landform which acts as modifier to climate and length of growing period. Hence, Statement 3 is correct.
The Planning Commission (presently NITI ayog), as a result of the mid-term appraisal of the planning targets of the Seventh Plan, has divided the country into fifteen broad agro-climatic zones based on physiography, soils, geological formation, Climate, cropping patterns, and development of irrigation and mineral resources for broad agricultural planning and developing future strategies. Hence, Statement 2 is not correct.

Push factors are conditions or circumstances in a person's current location that encourage or compel them to leave. Here are some examples of push factors:
Economic Push Factors:
Unemployment: Lack of job opportunities or job loss.
Low Wages: Insufficient income to meet basic needs.
Poverty: Persistent economic hardship.
Lack of Economic Opportunities: Limited prospects for career advancement.
Social Push Factors:
Political Instability: Political unrest, government instability, or corruption.
Conflict and Violence: Civil unrest, wars, or local conflicts.
Discrimination: Persecution based on race, ethnicity, religion, or other factors.
Human Rights Violations: Abuse or violations of basic human rights.
Environmental Push Factors:
Natural Disasters: Floods, earthquakes, hurricanes, tsunamis, droughts, etc.
Environmental Degradation: Soil erosion, deforestation, or pollution affecting livelihoods.
Climate Change: Changing climate patterns impacting agriculture and living conditions.
Personal Push Factors:
Health Issues: Lack of access to healthcare or prevalence of diseases.
Education: Limited educational opportunities.
Family Circumstances: Family-related issues or the need to reunite with family members.
Infrastructure Push Factors:
Lack of Basic Services: Inadequate access to water, sanitation, and healthcare.
Poor Infrastructure: Limited access to transportation or communication networks.
Demographic Push Factors:
Overpopulation: High population density leading to resource scarcity.
Aging Population: Limited opportunities for the younger population.
Cultural or Religious Push Factors:
Persecution for Beliefs: Discrimination or persecution based on cultural or religious beliefs.
Restrictive Cultural Practices: Practices that limit personal freedom or opportunities.
Pull factors are conditions or attractions in a destination location that draw or entice individuals to move there. Here are some examples of pull factors:
Economic Pull Factors:
Job Opportunities: Availability of employment and better economic prospects.
Higher Wages: Attractive salary and better earning potential.
Entrepreneurial Opportunities: Favorable conditions for starting and growing businesses.
Social and Political Pull Factors:
Political Stability: A stable and secure political environment.
Peace and Safety: Low crime rates and a safe living environment.
Political Freedoms: Enjoyment of political freedoms and human rights.
Educational Pull Factors:
Access to Education: Quality educational institutions and opportunities for academic advancement.
Research and Innovation: Presence of research and innovation hubs.
Quality of Life Pull Factors:
Healthcare: Access to good healthcare facilities and services.
Cultural Amenities: Rich cultural and recreational amenities.
Quality Housing: Availability of affordable and quality housing.
Environmental Pull Factors:
Climatic Conditions: Favorable climate and environmental conditions.
Natural Beauty: Attractive landscapes and natural features.
Infrastructure and Services Pull Factors:
Transportation Networks: Well-developed transportation infrastructure.
Communication Facilities: Advanced communication networks.
Family and Community Pull Factors:
Family Reunification: Opportunities for family members to be together.
Inclusive Community: A welcoming and inclusive community.
Technological Pull Factors:
Technological Advancements: Access to advanced technologies and innovation.
Digital Connectivity: High-speed internet and connectivity.
Cultural and Recreational Pull Factors:
Cultural Diversity: A diverse and inclusive cultural environment.
Recreational Opportunities: Access to recreational activities and entertainment.
Migration Policies and Support:
Migration Policies: Favorable immigration policies and regulations.
Supportive Services: Support systems for newcomers, such as integration programs.

Both statements A and R are correct but R is not explanation of A because A is talking about gap between under developed and developed regions but R is talking about amount which emigrants send to India. So R is not explanation of A.
The movement of human resources from underdeveloped regions to more developed regions, often referred to as brain drain or human capital flight, can indeed contribute to a gap between developed and underdeveloped regions.
Migration from Punjab, Kerala, and Tamil Nadu has indeed contributed significantly to remittance inflows, with a large number of individuals from these states working abroad and sending money back to their families.

A glacier is a mass of ice formed from compacted, recrystallized snow that is thick enough to flow plastically.
Milam Glacier is one of the remotest yet accessible glaciers in the state of Uttarakhand. It is the largest glacier in the Kumaon Himalayas covering an area of 37 square kilometers. Milam glacier is situated 60km from Munsiyari.
Rupal Glacier is a glacier in the Great Himalaya subrange of the Himalayas in Gilgit-Baltistan, which is a region administered by Pakistan as an administrative territory and constitutes the northern portion of the larger Kashmir region which has been the subject of a dispute between India and Pakistan since 1947. It starts north of an unnamed 6,326-metre-high (20,755 ft) peak and flows northeastward, north of Laila peak and south of Nanga Parbat’s many peaks. The meltwater from the glacier forms the Rupal river.
Pindari glacier is located in the Trishul-Nanda Devi area of Kumaun Himalayas in the state of Uttarkhand. The glacier is about 9 kilometers long and gives rise to the Pindar river which meets the Alaknanda at Karnaprayag in the Garhwal district.
The Shafat Glacier — Parkachik Glacier is a 14 kilometers (9 mi) long glacier in the Himalayan range in Ladakh India. It is a broken, ice-falling glacier melting at an alarming rate due to global warming.

Asian Elephant :Endangered
Greater One-horned rhino :Vulnerable
Pygmy Hog :Critically Endangered
Tiger :Endangered

Ocean currents have a number of direct and indirect influences on human activities. West coasts of the continents in the tropical and the sub-tropical latitudes (except close to the Equator) are bordered by cool waters. Their average temperatures are relatively low with a narrow diurnal and annual ranges. There is fog, but generally the areas are arid.
West coasts of the continents in the middle and the higher latitudes are bordered by warm waters, which cause a distinct marine climate. They are characterised by cool summers and relatively mild winters, with a narrow annual range of temperatures. Hence, statement 1 is incorrect.
Warm currents flow parallel to the east coasts of the continents in the tropical and the sub-tropical latitudes. This results in warm and rainy climates. These areas lie in the western margins of the sub-tropical anti-cyclones. The mixing of warm and cold currents helps to replenish the oxygen and favour the growth of planktons, the primary food for fish population. The best fishing grounds of the world exist mainly in these mixing zones. Hence, statement 2 is correct.
Warm currents are those that move from the Equator to the poles and are warmer than the surrounding water. Hence, statement 3 is correct.

Tides vary in their frequency, direction and movement from place to place, and also from time to time. Tides may be grouped into various types, based on their frequency of occurrence in one day or 24 hours, or based on their height. The time between the high tide and the low tide, when the water level is falling, is called the “ebb”. The time between the low tide and the high tide, when the tide is rising, is called the “flow” or “flood”. Hence, statement 2 is correct.
Neap tides: Normally, there is a sevenday interval between the spring tides and the neap tides. At this time, the Sun and the Moon are at right angles to each other and the forces of the Sun and the Moon tend to counteract one another. The Moon”s attraction, though more than twice as strong as the Sun”s, is diminished by the counteracting force of the Sun”s gravitational pull. Hence, statement 1 is correct.
Spring tides: The position of both the Sun and the Moon, in relation to the Earth, has direct bearing on tide height. When the Sun, the Moon and the Earth are in a straight line, the height of the tide will be higher. These are called spring tides and they occur twice a month, one on the full moon period and another during the new moon period. Hence, statement 3 is correct.
The highest tides in the world occur in the Bay of Fundy, in Nova Scotia, Canada. The tidal bulge is 15 – 16 m. Hence, statement 4 is incorrect.

The periodical rise and fall of the sea level, once or twice a day, mainly due to the attraction of the Sun and the Moon, is called a tide.
The movement of water, caused by the meteorological effects, (winds and atmospheric pressure changes) is called surge. Hence, statement 1 is correct.
Surges are not regular like the tides. Hence, statement 2 is incorrect.
The study of tides is very complex, spatially and temporally, as they have great variations in frequency, magnitude and height. The Moon”s gravitational pull to a great extent and to a lesser extent the Sun”s gravitational pull, are the major causes for the occurrence of the tides.
Another factor is the centrifugal force, which is the force that acts to counter balance the gravity. Together, the gravitational pull and the centrifugal force are responsible for creating the two major tidal bulges on the Earth. On the side of the Earth facing the Moon, a tidal bulge occurs, while on the opposite side, though the gravitational attraction of the Moon is less as it is farther away, the centrifugal force causes tidal bulge on the other side. Hence, statement 3 is correct.

Ocean currents are like river flow in the oceans. They represent a regular volume of water in a definite path and direction. Ocean currents are influenced by two types of forces, viz.,
I.primary forces that initiate the movement of water; and
II.secondary forces that influence the currents to flow.
The primary forces that influence the currents are:
I.heating by solar energy;
II.wind;
III.gravity; and
IV.Coriolis force.
Heating by solar energy causes the water to expand. That is why, near the Equator, the ocean water is about 8 cm higher in level than in the middle latitudes. This causes a very slight gradient and water tends to flow down the slope.
Friction between the wind and the water surface affects the movement of the water body in its course.
Gravity tends to pull the water down the pile and create gradient variation.
The Coriolis force intervenes and causes the water to move to the right in the northern hemisphere and to the left in the southern hemisphere. These large accumulations of water and the flow around them are called “Gyres”. These produce large circular currents in all the ocean basins.

Makassar Strait is a narrow passage of the west-central Pacific Ocean, Indonesia.
Extending 500 miles (800 km) northeast– southwest from the Celebes Sea to the Java Sea, the strait passes between Borneo on the west and Celebes on the east. Hence, statements 1 and 2 are correct.
The International Hydrographic Organization (IHO) defines the Makassar Strait as being one of the waters of the East Indian Archipelago. Hence, statement 3 is correct.

The soil is the topmost layer of the earth”s crust mainly composed of organic minerals and rock particles that support life. A soil profile is a vertical cross-section of the soil, made of layers running parallel to the surface. These layers are known as soil horizons.
Layers of Soil: The soil profile is composed of a series of horizons or layers of soil stacked one on top of the other. These layers or horizons are represented by letters O, A, E, C, B and R.
The O-Horizon
The O horizon is the upper layer of the topsoil which is mainly composed of organic materials such as dried leaves, grasses, dead leaves, small rocks, twigs, surface organisms, fallen trees, and other decomposed organic matter. This horizon of soil is often black brown or dark brown in colour and this is mainly because of the presence of organic content. Hence, statement 1 is correct.
The A-Horizon or Topsoil
This layer is rich in organic material and is known as the humus layer. This layer consists of both organic matter and other decomposed materials. The topsoil is soft and porous to hold enough air and water.
In this layer, the seed germination takes place and new roots are produced which grows into a new plant. This layer consists of microorganisms such as earthworms, fungi, bacteria, etc.
The E-Horizon
This layer is composed of nutrients leached from the O and A horizons. This layer is more common in forested areas and has lower clay content.
The B-Horizon or Subsoil
It is the subsurface horizon, present just below the topsoil and above the bedrock. Hence, statement 2 is incorrect.
It is comparatively harder and compact than topsoil. It contains less humus, soluble minerals, and organic matter. It is a site of deposition of certain minerals and metal salts such as iron oxide.
This layer holds enough water than the topsoil and is lighter brown due to the presence of clay soil. The soil of horizon-A and horizon-B is often mixed while ploughing the fields.
The C-Horizon or Saprolite
This layer is devoid of any organic matter and is made up of broken bedrock. This layer is also known as saprolite. The geological material present in this zone is cemented. Hence, statement 3 is correct.
The R-Horizon
It is a compacted and cemented layer. Different types of rocks such as granite, basalt and limestone are found here.

Equatorial regions support tropical rainforest. The characteristic features of equatorial vegetation are as follows:
Great variety of vegetation i.e. vegetation comprises a multitude of evergreen trees that yield tropical hardwood. Hence, option 2 is correct.
Distinct layer arrangement; from the top, the tropical rainforest appears like a thick canopy of foliage. Hence, option 1 is correct.
All the plants struggle upwards for sunlight resulting in a peculiar layer arrangement. i.e. hierarchy of taller trees, small trees and then herbs and ferns.
Multiple species; trees of tropical rainforests are not found in pure stands of a single species. i.e. in an acre of forest multiple species of trees are found. Hence, option 3 is incorrect.
This has made commercial exploitation of tropical timber a difficult task.
Forest clearings, deforestation either for lumbering or shifting cultivation.

Coal-fired power plants are a major source of emissions for a number of air pollutants including Sulfur dioxide (SO2), Nitrous oxide (NOx), particulate matter (PM), HCl, HF, Mercury (Hg), and so on.
Hazardous air pollutants such as Arsenic (As), Be, Cadmium (Cd), Cr, Lead (Pb), Mn, Ni, Se, and other metals are integral components of a fine PM that are emitted directly from coal-fired power plants.

It can be used in different ways like cattle feed, compost manure, roofing in rural areas, biomass energy, mushroom cultivation, packing materials, fuel, paper, bio-ethanol, Use as Combustion Material, Pellets, Mixing with Plastics and Industrial production, etc.

Demographic transition theory can be used to describe and predict the future population of any area. Hence, statement 2 is correct.
The theory tells us that population of any region changes from high births and high deaths to low births and low deaths as society progresses from rural agrarian and illiterate to urban industrial and literate society. These changes occur in stages which are collectively known as the demographic cycle. Hence, statement 1 is correct.
The demographic transition theory studies the relationship between economic development and population growth. Hence, statement 3 is correct.

Cyclones indicate bad weather, like rain and clouds while anticyclones indicate fair weather. Hence, statement 1 is incorrect and statement 3 is correct.Before cloud formation, water takes up heat from the atmosphere to change into vapour. When water vapour changes back to liquid form as raindrops, this heat is released to the atmosphere. The heat released to the atmosphere warms the air around. The air tends to rise and causes a drop in pressure. More air rushes to the centre of the storm. This Cycle is repeated. The chain of events ends with the formation of a very low-pressure system with very high-speed winds revolving around it.
Factors like wind speed, wind direction, temperature and humidity contribute to the development of cyclones.
In case of anticyclones the air sinks, it warms and dries. This produces clear skies and increases the air”s ability to transmit radiant energy.
The primary difference between the two types of weather systems is their atmospheric pressure. Cyclones represent areas of low pressure, while anticyclones represent areas of high pressure. Hence, statement 2 is correct.
Winds in a cyclone blow counterclockwise in the Northern Hemisphere and clockwise in the Southern Hemisphere while winds in an anticyclone blow clockwise in the Northern Hemisphere and counterclockwise in the Southern Hemisphere. Hence, statement 4 is incorrect.

Wegener suggested that the movement responsible for the drifting of the continents was caused by the pole-fleeing force and the tidal force. Hence, options 1 and 2 are correct.
The polar-fleeing force relates to the rotation of the Earth. The Earth is not a perfect sphere; it has a bulge at the Equator. This bulge is due to the rotation of the Earth.
The second force that was suggested by Wegener, the tidal force, is due to the attraction of the Moon and the Sun that develops tides in the oceanic waters. Wegener believed that these forces would become effective when applied over many million years.
Residual heat of the Earth” is not a key factor in the original Continental Drift Theory proposed by Alfred Wegener. Hence, option 3 is incorrect.

The Indian plate includes Peninsular India and the Australian continental portions. The subduction zone along the Himalayas forms the northern plate boundary in the form of continent— continent convergence. Hence, statement 1 is correct.
In the east, it extends through the Rakinyoma mountains of Myanmar, towards the island arc along the Java Trench. The eastern margin is a spreading site lying to the east of Australia in the form of an oceanic ridge in the south-west Pacific.
The western margin follows the Kirthar mountain of Pakistan. It further extends along the Makrana coast and joins the spreading site from the Red Sea rift south-eastward along the Chagos Archipelago.
The boundary between India and the Antarctic plate is also marked by oceanic ridge (divergent boundary) running in roughly west-east direction and merging into the spreading site, a little south of New Zealand. Hence, statement 2 is correct.
The two major plates were separated by the Tethys Sea and the Tibetan block was closer to the Asiatic landmass.
During the movement of the Indian plate towards the Eurasian plate, a major event that occurred was the outpouring of lava and the formation of the Deccan Traps. This started somewhere around 60 million years ago and continued for a long period of time. Hence, statement 3 is incorrect.

The basic source of all minerals is the hot magma in the interior of the Earth. When magma cools, the crystals of minerals appear and a systematic series of minerals are formed in the sequence to solidify so as to form rocks. Minerals, such as coal, petroleum and natural gas, are organic substances found in solid, liquid and gaseous forms, respectively. Hence, statement 1 is correct.
Feldspar and quartz are the most common minerals found in the rocks. Hence, statement 2 is correct.
A mineral is a naturally occurring organic and inorganic substance, having an orderly atomic structure and a definite chemical composition and physical properties.
A mineral is composed of two or more elements. But, sometimes single element minerals, like sulphur, copper, silver, gold, graphite, etc., are found. Hence, statement 3 is incorrect.
Petrology is the science of rocks. A petrologist studies the rocks in all their aspects, viz., mineral composition, texture, structure, origin, occurrence, alteration and relationship with other rocks.

Igneous rocks are primary rocks and other rocks (sedimentary and metamorphic) form from these primary rocks. Igneous rocks can be changed into metamorphic rocks. Hence, statements 1 and 2 are correct.
The fragments derived out of igneous and metamorphic rocks form into sedimentary rocks. Hence, statement 3 is correct.
Sedimentary rocks themselves can turn into fragments and the fragments can be a source for the formation of sedimentary rocks.
The crustal rocks (igneous, metamorphic and sedimentary), once formed, may be carried down into the mantle (the interior of the Earth) through subduction process (parts or whole of crustal plates going down under another plate in zones of plate convergence) and the same melt down due to increase in the temperature in the interior and turn into molten magma, the original source for igneous rocks.

Types of Droughts
Meteorological Drought: It is a situation when there is a prolonged period of inadequate rainfall marked with mal-distribution of the same over time and space. Hence, statement 1 is incorrect.
Agricultural Drought: It is also known as soil moisture drought, characterized by low soil moisture that is necessary to support the crops, thereby resulting in crop failures. Moreover, if an area has more than 30 per cent of its gross cropped area under irrigation, the area is excluded from the drought-prone category.
Hydrological Drought: It results when the availability of water in different storages and reservoirs like aquifers, lakes, reservoirs, etc. falls below what the precipitation can replenish.
Ecological Drought: When the productivity of a natural ecosystem fails due to shortage of water and as a consequence of ecological distress, damages are induced in the ecosystem. Hence, statement 2 is incorrect.

It is classified as moderate drought if the rainfall deficit is 26-50% and severe drought when the deficit exceeds 50% of the normal. Hence, statements 3 and 4 are correct.

The process of continuous condensation in free air helps the condensed particles to grow in size. When the resistance of the air fails to hold them against the force of gravity, they fall on to the Earth”s surface.
So, after the condensation of water vapour, the release of moisture is known as precipitation. This may take place in liquid or solid form.
The precipitation in the form of water is called rainfall. When the temperature is lower than 00C, precipitation takes place in the form of fine flakes of snow and is called snowfall. Moisture is released in the form of hexagonal crystals. Hence, options 1 and 2 are correct.
These crystals form flakes of snow. Besides rain and snow, other forms of precipitation are sleet and hail, though the latter are limited in occurrence and are sporadic in both time and space. Hence, options 3 and 4 are correct.

Gathering is practised in:
High latitude zones, which include northern Canada, northern Eurasia and southern Chile; and Low latitude zones, such as the Amazon Basin, tropical Africa, northern fringe of Australia and the interior parts of south-east Asia. Hence, all options are correct.
In modern times, some gathering is market-oriented and has become commercial. Gatherers collect valuable plants, such as leaves, barks of trees and medicinal plants, and after simple processing sell the products in the market. They use various parts of the plants, e.g., the bark is used for quinine, tanin extract and cork; the leaves supply materials for beverages, drugs, cosmetics, fibres, thatch and fabrics; nuts for food and oils; and the tree trunks yield rubber, balata, gums and resins.

Intensive subsistence agriculture is dominated by wet paddy cultivation: This type of agriculture is characterized by the dominance of the rice crop. Land holdings are very small due to the high density of population. Hence, statement 1 is incorrect and statement 3 is correct.
The farmers work with the help of family labour, leading to the intensive use of the land. Use of machinery is limited and most of the agricultural operations are done by manual labour. The “farm yard” manure is used to maintain the fertility of the soil. In this type of agriculture, the yield per unit area is high, but per labour productivity is low. Hence, statement 2 is correct.

The force exerted by the rotation of the Earth is known as the Coriolis force. Hence, statement 1 is incorrect.
The rotation of the Earth about its axis affects the direction of the wind. This force is called the Coriolis force, after the French physicist who described it in 1844.
It deflects the wind to the right direction in the northern hemisphere and to the left in the southern hemisphere. Hence, statement 2 is correct.
The deflection is more when the wind velocity is high. The Coriolis force is directly proportional to the angle of latitude. It is the maximum at the Poles and is absent at the Equator. Hence, statements 3 and 4 are correct.

All processes that move, elevate or build up portions of the earth”s crust come under diastrophism. Hence, statement 1 is correct.
They include:
I.orogenic processes involving mountain building through severe folding and affecting long and narrow belts of the earth”s crust;
II.epeirogenic processes involving uplift or warping of large parts of the earth”s crust;
III.earthquakes involving local relatively minor movements;
IV.plate tectonics involving horizontal movements of crustal plates.
In the process of orogeny, the crust is severely deformed into folds. Due to epeirogeny, there may be simple deformation. Orogeny is a mountain building process whereas epeirogeny is continental building process. Through the processes of orogeny, epeirogeny, earthquakes and plate tectonics, there can be faulting and fracturing of the crust. All these processes cause pressure, volume and temperature (PVT) changes which in turn induce metamorphism of rocks. Hence, statements 2 and 3 are correct.

Water vapour present in the air is known as humidity. It is expressed quantitatively in different ways. The actual amount of the water vapour present in the atmosphere is known as the absolute humidity. Hence, statement 1 is incorrect.
It is the weight of water vapour per unit volume of air and is expressed in terms of grams per cubic metre. The ability of the air to hold water vapour depends entirely on its temperature. The absolute humidity differs from place to place on the surface of the earth.

The percentage of moisture present in the atmosphere as compared to its full capacity at a given temperature is known as the relative humidity. Hence, statement 3 is incorrect.
Relative Humidity = [Actual amount of water vapor in air (absolute humidity)/humidity at saturation point (the maximum water vapor air can hold at a given temperature)] X 100
With the change of air temperature, the capacity to retain moisture increases or decreases and the relative humidity is also affected. It is greater over the oceans and least over the continents.
The air containing moisture to its full capacity at a given temperature is said to be saturated. It means that the air at the given temperature is incapable of holding any additional amount of moisture at that stage. The temperature at which saturation occurs in a given sample of air is known as dew point. Hence, statement 2 is correct.
Absolute Humidity and Relative Humidity are Variable whereas Specific Humidity is a constant. Hence, statement 4 is incorrect.

World Distribution of Rainfall
Different places on the earth”s surface receive different amounts of rainfall in a year and that too in different seasons.
In general, as we proceed from the equator towards the poles, rainfall goes on decreasing steadily. Hence, statement 3 is incorrect.
The coastal areas of the world receive greater amounts of rainfall than the interior of the continents. The rainfall is more over the oceans than on the landmasses of the world because of being great sources of water.
Between the latitudes 350 and 400 N and S of the equator, the rain is heavier on the eastern coasts and goes on decreasing towards the west. But, between 450 and 650 N and S of equator, due to the westerlies, the rainfall is first received on the western margins of the continents and it goes on decreasing towards the east. Hence, statements 1 and 2 are correct.
Wherever mountains run parallel to the coast, the rain is greater on the coastal plain, on the windward side and it decreases towards the leeward side.
The annual average rainfall of the world is 100 cm. Hence, statement 4 is correct.