PRELIMS TEST 24

The chief aspect of Gandhian ideology was Satyagraha i.e. 'true force'. For, Mahatma Gandhi, Satyagraha was not merely a political tactic but part of a total philosophy of life and ideology of action. Hence, statement 1 is correct.
For Gandhi, the Satyagraha was to be used so that by self-suffering and not by violence the enemy could be converted to one's own view. Pattabhi Sitaramaya explains Satyagraha as: “It involves selfchosen suffering and humiliation for the resistors. If it is effective, it is so by working on the conscience of those against whom it is being used, sapping their confidence in the exclusive rightness of their cause making their physical strength important, and weakening their resolution by insinuating a sense of guilt for the suffering they have part in causing.” Hence, statement 2 is correct.
Mahtama Gandhi made a distinction between the Satyagraha and passive resistance. He wrote: ” The passive resistance has been concieved as a weapon of the weak and does not exclude the use of physical force or violence for the purpose of gaining onee's end; whereas the Satyagraha has been concieved as a weapon of the strongest, and excludes the use of violance in any shape. Hence, statement 3 is incorrect.

Salt was chosen as central formula during a Salt Satyagrah as salt tax seemed to be the most crucial one for many reasons:
It affected all sections of the population and had no divisive implication.
It did not threaten government finances or any vested interests and therefore would not alienate any of the non-Congress political elements, nor would provoke government repression.
It could be made into a highly emotive issue with great publicity value.
Gandhi said, ― There is no other article like salt, outside water, by taxing which the government can reach the starving millions, the sick, the maimed and the utterly helpless, it was most inhuman poll tax the ingenuity of man can devise.
Hence, all the statements are correct.

Option 1 is correct: Towards the end of the 1920s, many strikes were organised in the industrial cities of India. The British Government felt that Russian gold and Russian money were encouraging strikes to create anarchy and the spread of Communism in India. To arrest this trend in March 1929 the Government implicated certain Communist leaders 60 such as S.A. Dange, Shaukat Usman, and Muzaffar Ahmad along with Philip Spratt and Benjamin Francis Sradley, in a case which came to be known as the Meerut conspiracy.
Option 2 is incorrect: The first session of the Indian Liberal Party began on November 1st and 2nd 1918. It was styled as the 'All India Conference of the Moderate Party'. During it's second session at Calcutta in 1919, it gave itself a name 'National Liberal Federation'. The important liberals were S.N.Banerjea, V.S.Srinivasa Sastri, D.E.Wacha, P.S. Sivaswami Aiyar, Tej Bahadur Sapru, C.P.Ramaswami Aiyar, N.M.Samarth, C.Y.Chintamani, M.R. Jayekar and others. It is not related to the communist movement in India.
Option 3 is correct: The Indian Communists were to again participate in the activities of the mainstream of the national movement led by the Congress. The theoretical and political basis for the change in communist politics in India was laid in early 1936 by a document popularly known as the Dutt-Bradley Thesis. According to this thesis, the National Congress could play a great part and a foremost part in the work of realising the anti-imperialist people's front.

All the statements are correct.
Champaran Satyagarh was started by Mahatma Gandhi in 1917 to look into the problem of Tinkathiya system in which peasants of Champaran were forced to grow Indigo on 3/20th of the total land. In this background, Raj kumar shukla persuaded Gandhi to look into the peasants problem. Later Rajendra Prasad, J.B Kripalni, Mahadeo Desai and Narhari Parekh joined Gandhi in the movement.

Tana Bhagat movement in Chhotanagpur reflected the aspirations of the Oraon tribals for deliverance from the exploitation of zamindars and mahajans under the leadership of Jatra Bhagat and Turia Bhagat. Hence, statements 1 and 2 are correct.
The Tana Bhagats opposed the taxes imposed on them by the British and they staged a Satyagraha (civil disobedience movement) even before Gandhi's satyagraha movement.

The Congress met at Karachi on 29 March, 1931 to endorse the Gandhi-Irwin or the Delhi Pact.
Bhagat Singh, Sukhdev and Rajguru had been executed six days earlier. Even though Gandhiji had made every attempt to save their lives, there was anger among the people, especially the youth, as to why he had not refused to sign the Pact on this question.
All along Gandhiji‘s route to Karachi he was greeted with black flag demonstrations.
The Congress dissociated itself from political violence in any shape or form but admired the bravery and sacrifice of the three martyrs.
The Congress also endorsed the Delhi Pact and reiterated the goal of Poorna Swaraj.
The Karachi session, presided over by Sardar Vallabbhai Patel, is also memorable for its resolution on Fundamental Rights and the National Economic Programme. Hence, statement 1 is incorrect.
Even though the Congress had from its inception fought for the economic interests, civil liberties and political rights of the people, this was the first time that the Congress defined what Swaraj wouldmean for the masses. Hence, statement 2 is correct.
It also declared that, in order to end the exploitation of the masses, political freedom must include real economic freedom of the starving millions.
The resolution guaranteed the basic civil rights of free speech, free press, free assembly, and freedom of association; equality before the law irrespective of caste, creed or sex; neutrality of the state in regard toall religions; elections on the basis of universal adult franchise; and free and compulsory primary education.
It promised substantial reduction in rent and revenue, exemption from rent in case of uneconomic holdings, and relief of agricultural indebtedness and control of usury; better conditions for workers including a living wage, limited hours of work and protection of women workers; the right to organize and form unions to workers and peasants; and state ownership or control of key industries, mines and means of transport. Hence, statement 3 is correct.
It also maintained that the culture, language and script of the minorities and of the different linguistic areas shall be protected.
The Karachi resolution remained in essence the basic political and economic programme of the Congress in later years.

Statement 1 is incorrect: Muhammedan Literary Society was founded at Calcutta in 1863 by Nawab Abdul Latif. This society is marked as beginning in the direction of western education. It promoted discussions of religious, social and political questions.
Statement 2 is correct: In the wake of reconciliation of modern scientific thought with Islam, he first of all, declared Quran alone as the authoritative work for Islam. Even the Quaran he interpreted in the light of contemporary rationalism and science.
Statement 3 is incorrect: He wrote in favour of raising women‘s status in society and condemned the customs of polygamy and easy divorce along with removal of purdah as well.

A Kisan Manifesto was finalized at the All-India Kisan Committee session in Bombay and formally presented to the Congress Working Committee to be incorporated into its forthcoming manifesto for the 1937 elections. The Kisan Manifesto considerably influenced the agrarian programme adopted by the Congress at its Faizpur session, which included demands for fifty per cent reduction in land revenueand rent, a moratorium on debts, the abolition of feudal levies, security of tenure for tenants, a living wage for agricultural labourers, and the recognition of peasant unions. Hence, only option 1 is incorrect.

The Indian Home Rule Leagues were organized on the lines of the Irish Home Rule Leagues and they represented the emergence of a new trend of aggressive politics.
Annie Besant and Tilak were the pioneers of this new trend who set up separate leagues after the 1st world war.
While Besant's league focused upon swaraj (self-government) and reentry of extremists into Congress, demands of Tilak's league included Swarajya, Formation of linguistic states, Education in the vernacular languages.
The universal adult franchise was advocated by Congress at Karachi resolution in 1931. Hence, only option (3) is incorrect.

During the opening decades of 20th century revolutionary youth decided to copy the methods of the Irish nationalists and Russian nihilists and populists. They decided to organize the assassination of unpopular British officials which would strike terror into the hearts of the rulers, amuse the patriotic instincts of the people, inspire them and remove the fear of authority from their minds.
A steadily increasing number of young men turned to this form of political struggle. In 1904, V.D. Sarvarkar organized Abhinav Bharat as a secret society of revolutionaries. Very soon secret societies of revolutionaries came up all over the country, the most famous and long lasting being Anushilan Samiti and Yugantar. Their activities took two forms—the assassination of oppressive officials and informers and traitors from their own ranks and dacoities to raise funds for purchase of arms etc.

The Sadler Commission was set up to study and report on problems of Calcutta University but its recommendations were applicable more or less to other universities also. It reviewed the entire field from school education to university education. It held the view that, for the improvement of university education, improvement of secondary education was a necessary precondition. Hence, statement 1 is incorrect.
It made following recommendations:
A separate board of secondary and 'intermediate education should be set up for administration and control of secondary and intermediate education.
There should be less rigidity in framing university regulations.
A university should function as centralised, unitary residential-teaching autonomous body, rather than as scattered, affiliated colleges. Female education, applied scientific and technological education, teachers' training including those for professional and vocational colleges should be extended. Hence, statement 2 is correct.

Madras Mahajan Sabha was founded by M. Viraraghavachari, G Subramanian Iyer and Ananda Charlu in 1884 to promote the right of Indians. It was earlier known as Madras Native Association which was established by Gazulu Lakshminarasu Chetty in 1849.

Statement 1 is incorrect and 3 is correct: Ghadar party was founded by Lala Hardayal, an intellectual giant and fire brand revolutionary from the Punjab. He was assisted by Ramchandra and Barkatulla. The party published the weekly paper the Ghadar in commemoration of the mutiny of 1857. It was clearly stated by the Ghadarites that their objective was the establishment of an independent republic of India by an armed revolution and to establish a democratic regime based on liberty and equality.
With the outbreak of the First World War, the Ghadar leaders decided to launch a violent attack on British rule in India. Kartar singh Sarabha and Raghubar Dayal Gupta were sent to India and Bengal revolutionaries Sachindranath Sanyal and Vishnu Ganesh Pingley, Rash Behari Bose were asked to lead the movement. The Government of India, fully informed of the Ghadar plans, arrested the revolutionaries on their arrival to India. Some of them succeeded in reaching Punjab without being found out. Sachindranath Sanyal and Vishnu Ganesh Pingley, Rash Behari Bose, the Bengali revolutionary finally arrived in Punjab in mid-January 1915 to assume leadership of the revolt.
Statement 2 is correct: The marked feature of Ghadar ideology was its democratic and egalitarian content. Har Dayal imparted to the movement an egalitarian ideology. The ideology that was created and spread through The Ghadar and Ghadar di Goonj and other publications was strongly secular in tone.

Santhal Rising: The Santhals of Rajmahal Hills resented the oppression by revenue officials, police, money-lenders, landlords – in general, by the 'outsiders' (whom they called diku). The Santhals under Sido and Kanhu rose up against their oppressors, declared the end of the Company's rule and asserted themselves independent in 1854. It was only in 1856 after extensive military operations that the situation was brought under control.Sido died in 1855, while Kanhu was arrested in 1866. A separate district of Santhal Pargana, was created by the Government to pacify the Santhals.

During the Quit India movement the revolutionaries set up parallel governments in Ballia, Tamluk, Satara.
In Ballia it was set-up by Chittu Pandey. It was the first parallel government setup in August 1942.
In Tamluk by Satis Samant. It also helped people during Bengal famine.
In Satara by Y.B Chavan and Nana Patil. It was longest running parallet government,1943 to 1945.

Both the statements are correct.
The nationalists were unwilling to take up the question of labour versus the indigenous employer because they thought doing so will reduce the competitiveness of Indian industries and in turn it will further help the British manufacturing draining the of wealth out of India.
They also saw industrialization as the panacea for the problems of Indian poverty and degradation. Supporting the regulation they thought will impede the pace of industrialization.

Statement 1 is correct: Permanent Settlement was introduced by Lord Cornwallis in Bengal and Bihar in 1793.
Genesis of Permanent Settlement: In 1785 the Court of Directors permitted Cornwallis to implement a settlement with the Zamindars, at first for ten years and to be made permanent if it proved satisfactory.But in 1787 and in 1788 annual settlements were made.
In 1789 Cornwallis prepared rules for a Decennial settlement. Two different theories were held by Sir John Shore, the President of the Board of Revenue and Mr. James Grant, the Record Keeper with regardto the revenue settlement. John Shore maintained that the Zamindars were the owners of the land and the State had the right to a customary revenue from them. James Grant, on the other-hand held the view thatthe State was the owner of all land and the state had the right to make the settlement either with the Zamindar or the cultivator.
Ultimately, Cornwallis accepted the view of John Shore. In 1790 a settlement for ten years was made with the Zamindars who were recognized as the owners of the land. With the approval of the Court ofDirectors, the decennial Settlement was declared permanent on March 2, 1793.
Statement 2 is correct: Under this system, zamindars‘, who earlier only had the right to collect revenue, were established as the proprietors or owners of the land. The state‘s demand for land revenue was permanently fixed. But if the zamindars were unable to pay the full tax on time, their lands would be taken away and auctioned by the state. They were not only to act as agents of the government in collecting land revenue from the peasants but also to become the owners of the entire land in their zamindaris. Their right of ownership was made hereditary and transferable. Through this system, the state tried to create an enterprising class of landowners, who would try to improve crop production in their fields to earn profits. Besides, it would be simpler for the state to deal with a limited number of zamindars than with every peasant, and a powerful section of society would become loyal to the British administration. The zamindars and revenue collectors were converted into landlords.

Dharasana Satyagraha was a protest against the British salt tax in colonial India in May, 1930. After the conclusion of the Salt March to Dandi, Mahatma Gandhi chose a non-violent raid of the Dharasana Salt Works in Gujarat as the next protest against the rule of the British Raj. But before it, he was arrested by Police. In the absence of Gandhi Ji, this unfinished task was completed by Sarojini Naidu, Imam Saheb and Manilal. Hundreds of satyagrahis were beaten by Indian soldiers under British command at Dharasana. The ensuing publicity attracted world attention to the Indian independence movement, and brought into question the legitimacy of British rule in India.
Jawaharlal Nehru was not part of Dharsana Satyagraha. Hence, only option 1 is incorrect.

Statement 1 is correct: Pitt's India Act, 1784 distinguished between the commercial and political functions of the Company. It allowed the Court of Directors to manage the commercial affairs but created a new body called Board of Control to manage the political affairs i.e. to guide and control the work of the Court of Directors and the Government of India.Thus, it established a system of double government. It empowered the Board of Control to supervise and direct all operations of the civil and military government or revenues of the British possessions in India.
Statement 2 is correct: The Act clearly subordinated the Bombay and Madras Presidencies to Bengal in all questions of war, diplomacy, and revenues as the Governors of Presidencies of Bombay and Madraswere deprived of their independent powers and Calcutta was given greater powers in matters of war, revenue, and diplomacy, thus Calcutta becoming in effect, the capital of Company possessions in India.
Statement 3 is incorrect: It was through the Charter Act of 1813 (and not Pitt's India Act, 1784) that the company‘s monopoly over trade in India ended, but the company retained the trade with China and the trade in tea.

Statement 1 is correct: Workers‘ and Peasants‘ Party (WPP) became an all-India party in 1928.
It was a merger of following provincial organizations –
The Labour-Swaraj Party of the Indian National Congress organized by Muzaffar Ahmed, Qazi Nazrul Islam, Hemanta Kumar Sarkar, and others in Bengal in November 1925.
Congress Labour Party was formed in Bombay and a Kirti-Kisan Party in Punjab in late 1926.
A Labour Kisan Party of Hindustan of Madras -1923.
Thus, by 1928 all of these provincial organizations had been renamed as the Workers‘ and Peasants‘ Party (WPP), whose units were also set up in Rajasthan, UP and Delhi.
Statement 2 is correct: All Communists were members of this party.
Statement 3 is incorrect: The basic objective of the WPPs was to work within the Congress to give it a more radical orientation and make it ‘the party of the people‘ and independently organize workers and peasants in class organizations, to enable first the achievement of complete independence and ultimately of socialism.

In November 1927 British Government appointed Indian Statutory Commission also known as Simon Commission with the aim to introduce further Constitutional reform. As all the seven members of the Commission were English men. It led to a protest by all Indians. The basic notion behind the protest was that foreigners would discuss and decide upon India's fitness for self-government. At Madras session ofIndian National Congress of 1927, Congress decided to boycott the Commission at every stage and in every form. Muslim League and Hindu Mahasabha decided to support the Congress decision.

Swadeshi Movement 1905, declined due to several reasons.
First, the government, seeing the revolutionary potential of the movement, came down with a heavy hand. Repression took the form of controls and bans on public meetings, processions and the press. Student participants were expelled from Government schools and colleges, debarred from Government service, fined and at times beaten up by the police.
Second, the internal squabbles, and especially, the split, in 1907 in the Congress, the apex all-India organization, weakened the movement.
Third, the Swadeshi Movement lacked an effective organization and party structure. The movement had thrown up programmatically the entire gamut of Gandhian techniques. It was, however, unable to give these techniques a centralized, disciplined focus.
Lastly, the British policy of consciously attempting to use communalism to turn the Muslims against the Swadeshi Movement was to a large extent responsible for, breaking out of communal riots in Bengal at the height of the Swadeshi Movement.

The GOI Act, 1935 could not satisfy the nationalist aspiration for both political and economic power continued to be concentrated in the hands of the British government. Foreign rule was to continue as before; only a few popularly elected ministers were to be added to the structure of British administration in India. The Congress condemned the Act as 'totally disappointing'. The federal part of the Act was never introduced but the provincial part was soon put into operation. Bitterly opposed to the Act, the Congress thus decided to contest the elections under the new Act of 1935, though with the declared aim of showing how unpopular the Act was.

Early attempts to improve the condition of the workers were mainly by the philanthropists like :
In 1878, Sorabjee Shapoorji Bengalee tried unsuccessfully to introduce a Bill in the Bombay Legislative Council to limit the working hours for labour.
In Bombay, Narayan Meghajee Lokhande brought out an Anglo-Marathi weekly called Dina Bandhu (Friend of the Poor) in 1880, and started the Bombay Mill and Millhands’ Association in 1890.
In Bengal, Sasipada Banerjea, a Brahmo Social reformer, set up a Workingmen‘s Club in 1870 and brought out a monthly journal called Bharat Sramjeebi.
The most important development was the formation of the All India Trade Union Congress (AITUC) in 1920. Lokamanya Tilak was one of the moving spirits in the formation of the AITUC, which had Lala Lajpat Rai as its first president and Dewan Chaman Lal as its General Secretary.

Statement (A) is correct: The Theosophists advocated the revival and strengthening of the ancient religions of Hinduism, Zoroastrianism and Buddhism. They recognised the doctrine of the transmigration of soul.
Statement (B) is not correct: The movement was led by Westerners, but they made peculiar contribution to developments in modern India. Their effort to glorify Indian religious and philosophical traditions helped Indians in recovering their self-confidence.
Statement (C) is not correct: Ramakrishna Paramhansa subscribed to Vedanta which he declared to be a fully rational system. Theosophical society aimed itself at the revival of ancient religions and wasn‘t based on any system.
Statement (D) is not correct: The society was founded in the United States whereas, later founded the headquarters at Adyar near Madras in 1886.

Ahmedabad Mill Strike 1918 was one of the initial movements led by Gandhi after his return from South Africa. There was a situation of dispute between the Mill owners and workers on the question of discontinuation of Plague Bonus once the epidemic had passed but the workers insisted it stay. The workers demanded a 50% wage hike. The Mill Owners were willing to give only 20% wage hike. Hence, statement 1 is incorrect.
It involved cotton or textile mills of Ahmedabad.
Gandhi was invited by Anasuya Ben Sarabai and her brother Ambalal Sarabhai, leading mill-owner of Ahmadabad towards the cause of the mill owners. Here Gandhi used the weapon of Hunger strike for the first time. The result was that the strike was successful and the workers got a 35% wage hike. Hence, statement 2 is correct and 3 is not correct.

Statement 1 is correct: During the revolt of 1857 most of the Indian princes had not only remained loyal to the British but had actively aided the latter in suppressing the revolt. This led the British to reverse their policy towards the Indian States. Before 1857, the British had availed themselves of every opportunity to annex princely states, but this policy was abandoned. Their loyalty was now rewarded with the announcement that their right to adopt heirs would be respected and the integrity of their territories guaranteed against future annexation.
Statement 2 is correct: In 1876, Queen Victoria assumed the title of Empress of India to emphasise British sovereignty over the entire Indian sub-continent. Lord Curzon made it clear that the princes ruled their states as merely agents of the British Crown. The princes accepted this subordinate position and willingly became junior partners in the Empire because they were assured of their continued existence as rulers of their states. As the price of their continued existence, the princes were made to acknowledge Britain as the paramount power. As the paramount power, the British claimed the right to supervise the internal government of the princely states.
Statement 3 is incorrect: They not only interfered in the day-to-day administration through the Residents (British representative in the princely states) but insisted on appointing and dismissing ministers and other high officials. Sometimes the rulers themselves were removed or deprived of their powers. One motive for such interference as provided by the British was their desire to give these states a modern administration so that their integration with British India would be complete. Another motive for interference was provided by the growth of popular democratic and nationalist movements in many of the states.

All the statements are correct.
Tolstoy Farm was established by Mahtma Gandhi in South Africa which was made possible through the generosity of his German architect friend, Kallenbach, to house the families of the Satyagrahis and give them a way to sustain themselves. Tolstoy Farm was the precursor of the later Gandhian ashrams that were to play so important a role in the Indian national movement. Funds also came from India – Sir Ratan Tata sent Rs. 25,000 and the Congress and the Muslim League, as well as the Nizam of Hyderabad, made their contributions and main purpose behind this was to house the families of Satyagrahis and give them a way to sustain themselves.

Battle of Plassey transformed the British East India Company from a trading corporation to a Ruling company. With the victory at Plassey, the Company established itself firmly in Bengal and ruled it through its puppet Nawabs i.e Mir Jafar and Mir Kasim.
The Battle of Plassey was a battle that took place on June 23, 1757, on the banks of the Bhagirathi River, about 150 km north of Calcutta. It is near Murshidabad, then the capital of the Nawab of Bengal in India. The battle was between Siraj Ud Daulah, the last independent Nawab of Bengal, and the forces of the East India Company. Siraj-ud-Daulah's army commander had defected to the British, causing his army to collapse. Mir Jafar became a mere ‘puppet ruler‘ and the power rested with the British. On every matter he depended on the English. The Battle of Plassey paved the way for beginning of their empire. Hence, statement 1 is incorrect.
The British enjoyed the tax benefits, had to compete with no rival foreign merchants and began to use the revenue of Bengal for protecting their military and trade interest.
Mir Jafar gave 24 Parganas and one crore of rupees to the Company and valuable Siraj presents to the English officers including Clive. Company got the Diwani rights , by which it was able to collect the revenue of Bengal, Bihar and Orissa after the Battle of Buxar. Hence, statement 3 is incorrect.
Statement 2 is correct: British East India Company was granted free trade in Bengal, Bihar and Orissa.

Statement 1 is correct: The quick collapse of the urban handicrafts was caused largely by competition with the cheaper imported machine-goods from Britain. Indian goods made with primitive techniques could not compete with goods produced on a mass scale by powerful steam-operated machines.
Statement 2 is correct: The ruin of Indian industries was also contributed by oppression practiced by the East India Company. They forced craftsmen to sell their goods below the market price.
Statement 3 is correct: The gradual disappearance of Indian rulers and their courts who were the main customers of the handicrafts also gave a big blow to these industries.

The Razakars were a paramilitary force that advocated for the Nizam’s sovereignty and resisted the Indian invasion. They were accused of committing atrocities against the Hindu population and the Telangana rebels, who wanted land reforms and democracy. Hence, statement 1 is correct.
Operation Polo ended with the surrender of the Nizam on September 18, 1948. He signed an instrument of accession, joining India as a princely state. He was later appointed as the Rajpramukh (governor) of Hyderabad until 1956, when the state was reorganized along linguistic lines. Hence, statement 2 is correct.
The United Nations did not intervene in the conflict, as it was considered an internal matter of India. However, Pakistan protested against India’s action and accused it of violating international law and human rights.Hence, statement 3 is not correct.
In November 1947, Hyderabad signed a standstill agreement with India, which continued all previous arrangements except for the stationing of Indian troops in the state. The agreement was meant to last for one year, during which a final settlement would be reached. However, India accused Hyderabad of violating the agreement by importing arms, seeking foreign recognition, and supporting subversive activities. Hence, statement 4 is correct.

Recently, India has become the 13th country that can issue OIML (International Organization of Legal Metrology) Certificates. Hence, statement 1 is correct.
The Legal Metrology Division, Department of Consumer Affairs, is now authorised to issue OIML certificates.
The CSIR-National Physical Laboratory (NPL-India) is India’s National Metrology Institute' (NMI) that maintains standards of SI units in India and calibrates the national standards of weights and measures. Hence, statement 2 is correct.
The OIML is an intergovernmental organization established in 1955, with India becoming a member in 1956. It has 63 Member States and 64 Corresponding Members. Hence, statement 3 is correct.

The first Indian Factory Act was passed in 1881. The Act primarily dealt with the problem of child labour. It laid down that children below 7 could not work in factories, while children between 7 and 12 would not work for more than 9 hours a day. Children would also get four holidays in a month. The Act also provided for the proper fencing off of dangerous machinery. The second Indian Factories Act was passed in 1891. It provided for a weekly holiday for all workers. Hence, statement 1 is correct.
The Factory Act 1881 did not provide for equal pay for equal work for men and women. Whereas,, the second Factory Act, 1891 fixed working hours for women at 11 hours per day. Hence, statement 2 is incorrect.

The Shimla Conference was convened by Lord Wavell in June 1945.
The Clement Attlee government announced the decision to send a high-powered mission of three British Cabinet Ministers to India (known as Cabinet Mission) in February 1946.
Elections in the provincial assemblies for the Constituent Assembly were held in July 1946.

Old veterans like Ramprasad Bismil, Jogesh Chatterjea and Sachindranath Sanyal met in Kanpur in October 1924 (whereas the Ist World War occurred in 1914 and lasted till 1918) and founded theHindustan Republican Association (or Army), which was later renamed as Hindustan Socialist Republic Association (HSRA). Hence, statement 1 is incorrect.
Its aim was to organize armed revolution to overthrow colonial rule and establish in its place a Federal Republic of the United States of India whose basic principle would be adult franchise. Hence, statement 2 is correct.
Its main organ, The Revolutionary, had proposed the nationalization of the railways and other means of transport and large-scale industries such as steel and ship building. The HRA had also decided to startlabour and peasant organizations‘ and to work for an organized and armed revolution.‘ Hence, statement 3 is correct.

The Communist Party of India, Congress Socialist Party and Jawaharlal Nehru, Subhas Bose and other Left leaders, all shared a common political programme which enabled them, despite ideological and organizational differences, to work together after 1935 and make socialism a strong current in Indian politics. The basic features of this programme were: consistent and militant anti-imperialism, anti- landlordism, the organization of workers and peasants in trade unions and kisan sabhas, the acceptance of a socialist vision of independent India and of the socialist programme of the economic and social transformation of society, and an antifascist, anti-colonial and anti-war foreign policy. Hence, option 3 is only incorrect.

In a special session of Parliament, the Parliament Standing Committee on Education, presented a comprehensive report on the “Implementation of the National Education Policy (NEP) 2020 in Higher Education.”
The report emphasized that a significant portion of India's higher education system operates under State Acts, with 70% of universities falling under this category. Hence, statement 1 is not correct.
Furthermore, 94% of students are enrolled in State or private institutions, leaving just 6% in Central higher educational institutions. Hence, statement 2 is not correct.
The National Education Policy 2020 seeks to tackle the evolving development needs of India.It aims to increase Gross Enrolment Ratio in Higher Education from 26.3% to 50% by 2035, adding 3.5 crore new seats. Hence, statement 3 is correct.

Joshimath is a hilly town located on the Rishikesh-Badrinath National Highway (NH-7) in Chamoli district of Uttarakhand. Hence, statement 1 is not correct.
The town is traversed by running streams with a high gradient from Vishnuprayag, a confluence of the Dhauliganga and the Alaknanda rivers. Hence, statement 2 is not correct.
It is home to one of the four cardinal ‘Maths’ or monasteries established by Adi Shankara – Sringeri in Karnataka, Dwarka in Gujarat, Puri in Odisha and Joshimath near Badrinath in Uttarakhand. Hence, statement 3 is correct.

Statement 1 is correct: The British laid the foundations of a new system of dispensing justice through a hierarchy of civil and criminal courts. Though given a start by Warren Hastings, the system was stabilised by Cornwallis in 1793. Warren Hastings, the first Governor-General of Bengal, introduced several administrative reforms, notably in the sphere of justice. From 1772 a new system of justice was established. Each district was to have two courts – a criminal court ( faujdari adalat ) and a civil court (diwani adalat). Maulvis and Hindu pandits interpreted Indian laws for the European district collectors who presided over civil courts. The criminal courts were still under a qazi and a mufti but under the supervision of the collectors.
Statement 2 is correct: William Bentinck raised the status and powers of Indians in the judicial service by appointing them as Deputy Magistrates, Subordinate Judges and Principle Sadar Amins. Before this,they were appointed in lower courts as magistrates to try petty cases.
Statement 3 is correct: In 1833, the government appointed a Law Commission headed by Lord Macaulay to codify Indian laws. It eventually resulted in the Indian Penal Code, the western-derived codes of Civil and Criminal Procedure and other codes of laws.

Komagatamaru incident occurred in 1914.
Mahatama Gandhi arrived India in January 1915.
Home Rule leagues were set up in 1916. (Tilak – April,1916 and Annie Besant – September,1916)

Kamaladevi Chattopadhyay was an Indian social reformer and freedom fighter. She persuaded Gandhiji not to restrict the salt agitation to men alone. She courted arrest by breaking salt law and liquor law.

Lord Wellesley wrote a Minute (an administrative order) in 1803 on the need for town planning and set up various committees for the purpose. Many bazaars, ghats, burial grounds, and tanneries were cleared or removed. From then on the notion of ―public health became an idea that was proclaimed in projects of town clearance and town planning. After Wellesley‘s departure, the work of town planning was carried on by the Lottery Committee (1817) with the help of the government. The Lottery Committee was so named because funds for town improvement were raised through public lotteries.

Congress Socialist Party (CSP) was founded at Bombay in October 1934 under the leadership of Jayaprakash Narayan, Acharya Narendra Dev and Minoo Masani. The CSP from the beginning assigned itself the task of both transforming the Congress and of strengthening it. One was the ideological sense. Congressmen were to be gradually persuaded to adopt a socialist vision of independent India and a more radical pro-labour and pro-peasant stand on current economic issues.

Both the statements are incorrect.
The Indian press was freed of restrictions by Charles Metcalfe in 1835. He is called 'Liberator of India Press'. This step had been welcomed enthusiastically by the educated Indians. It was one of the reasons why they had for some time supported British rule in India. But the nationalists gradually began to use the press to arouse national consciousness among the people and to sharply criticise the reactionary policies of the Government. This turned the officials against the Indian press and they decided to curb its freedom. This was attempted by passing the Vernacular Press Act in 1878. This Act put serious restrictions on the freedom of the Indian language newspapers only.

Three Hoysala-era temples in Karnataka [Chennakeshava (Belur), Hoysaleswara (Halebidu) and Keshava Temple (Somanathapura, Mysuru)] recently made it to UNESCO’s World Heritage List, under the collective entry of ‘Sacred Ensembles of the Hoysalas’.
The announcement was made by UNESCO, during the World Heritage Committee’s 45th session in Riyadh, Saudi Arabia.
The Hoysalas governed areas spanning Karnataka and Tamil Nadu for over three centuries, with Sala serving as the dynasty's founder.
The Hoysalas were feudatories of the Chalukyas of Kalyana, also known as the Western Chalukya Empire. Hence, statement 1 is correct.
The most notable rulers of the Hoysala dynasty were Vishnuvardhana, Veera Ballala II, and Veera Ballala III. Vishnuvardhana (also known as Bittideva) was the greatest king of the Hoysala dynasty.
The Hoysala Temples were built during the 12th and 13th centuries CE, showcasing the unique architectural and artistic brilliance of the Hoysala dynasty.
Hoysala architecture is known for its distinctive blend of Bhumija style prevalent in Central India, the Nagara traditions of northern and western India, and the Karnataka Dravida modes favored by the Kalyani Chalukyas. Hence, statement 2 is correct.
The capital of the Hoysalas was initially located at Belur, but was later moved to Halebidu(or Dwarasamudra). Hence, statement 3 is correct.

The concept of Shiva as a dancer, known as Nataraja, began to take shape around the 5th century AD. Hence, statement 1 is correct.
The Nataraja sculpture at Bharat Mandapam is made using the lost wax method. Hence, statement 2 is incorrect.
The design of this Nataraja statue draws inspiration from three revered Nataraja idols: the Thillai Nataraja Temple in Chidambaram, the Uma Maheswarar Temple in Konerirajapuram, and the Brihadeeswara (Big) Temple, a UNESCO World Heritage Site, in Thanjavur. Hence, statement 3 is correct.
It was very much in news during G20 Meeting.

The Lucknow Pact in 1916 offered a joint League-Congress scheme for constitutional reforms, demanding representative government and dominion status for India. Hence, statement 1 is correct.
The principle of separate electorate was accepted, and proportional representation in both imperial and provincial legislature was agreed upon. The faith in constitutional politics suffered a jolt when the MontaguChelmsford Reforms in 1919 totally disregarded the Lucknow Pact. Hence, statement 2 is incorrect.

Gaffar Khan, also called Badshah Khan and Frontier Gandhi, had started the first Pushto political monthly Pukhtoon and had organised a volunteer brigade 'Khudai Khidmatgars', popularly known as the 'Red-Shirts', who were pledged to the freedom struggle and non-violence.
They played an extremely active role in the Civil Disobedience Movement. The atmosphere created by their political work contributed to the mass upsurge in Peshawar during which the city was virtually in the hands of the crowd for more than a week.

Subsidiary Alliance was a system devised and popularised in India on a large scale by Lord Wellesley in 1798.
All those who entered into such an alliance with the British had to accept certain terms and conditions:
– The British would be responsible for protecting their ally from external and internal threats to their power.
– In the territory of the ally, a British armed contingent would be stationed.
– The ally would have to provide the resources for maintaining this contingent
– The ally could enter into agreements with other rulers or engage in warfare only with the permission of the British.
Hence statement 1 is not correct and statements 2 and 3 are correct.