Ancient & Medieval History 2023

1st Revision Plan : Art & Culture and Medieval History

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1. Answered
2. Review

1. Question 1 of 100

   1. Question

   Which of the following contributions were made by Buddhism?
   (1) Principle of gender equality
   (2) Egalitarian society
   (3) Promoting rationalism
   Select the correct answer using the code given below.
   (A) 1 and 3 only
   (B) 1, 2 and 3
   (C) 1 only
   (D) 2 and 3 only

   • A
   • B
   • C
   • D
   Correct
   

   Incorrect
   

   Buddhism made an important impact on the society by keeping its doors open to women and shudras. As both women and shudras were placed in the same category by Brahmanism, they were neither given the sacred thread nor allowed to read Vedas. Their conversion to Buddhism freed them from such restrictions. Buddhism did not deprecate manual labour. In a second century sculpture from BodhGaya, the Buddha is depicted ploughing with oxen.
   o Buddhism advised people not to accumulate wealth.
   According to it, poverty breeds hatred, cruelty, and violence. To eradicate these evils, Buddha taught that farmers should be provided with grain and other facilities, traders with wealth, and the unemployed with employment.
   These measures were recommended to eradicate poverty in the world. Buddhism also taught that if the poor gave alms to the monks, they would be born wealthy in the next world.
   o Buddhism created and developed a new awareness in the field of intellect and culture. It taught the people not to take things for granted but to argue and judge them on merits. To a certain degree, the place of superstition was taken by logic, promoting rationalism among people. Hence, option 'B' is correct.

   Unattempted
   

   Buddhism made an important impact on the society by keeping its doors open to women and shudras. As both women and shudras were placed in the same category by Brahmanism, they were neither given the sacred thread nor allowed to read Vedas. Their conversion to Buddhism freed them from such restrictions. Buddhism did not deprecate manual labour. In a second century sculpture from BodhGaya, the Buddha is depicted ploughing with oxen.
   o Buddhism advised people not to accumulate wealth.
   According to it, poverty breeds hatred, cruelty, and violence. To eradicate these evils, Buddha taught that farmers should be provided with grain and other facilities, traders with wealth, and the unemployed with employment.
   These measures were recommended to eradicate poverty in the world. Buddhism also taught that if the poor gave alms to the monks, they would be born wealthy in the next world.
   o Buddhism created and developed a new awareness in the field of intellect and culture. It taught the people not to take things for granted but to argue and judge them on merits. To a certain degree, the place of superstition was taken by logic, promoting rationalism among people. Hence, option 'B' is correct.
2. Question 2 of 100

   2. Question

   Who among the following were bhakti saints of Maharashtra?
   (1) Gnanadeva
   (2) Chaitanya
   (3) Tukaram
   (4) Shankaradeva
   Select the correct answer using the code given below.
   (A) 1, 2, 3 and 4
   (B) 1 and 3 only
   (C) 3 and 4 only
   (D) 1 and 4 only

   • A
   • B
   • C
   • D
   Correct
   

   Incorrect
   

   Gnanadeva (or Dnyaneshwar) was the founder of the bhakti Movement in Maharashtra in the thirteenth century. It was called Maharashtra dharma. He wrote a commentary of Bhagavat Gita called Gnaneswari (or Dnyaneshwari).
   Another bhakti saint of Maharashtra was Tukaram, a contemporary of Sivaji. He was responsible for creating a background for Maratha nationalism. He opposed all social distinctions.
   In the late fifteenth century, Shankaradeva emerged as one of the leading proponents of Vaishnavism in Assam. His teachings, often known as the Bhagavati dharma because they were based on the Bhagavad Gita and the Bhagavata Purana, focused on absolute surrender to the supreme deity, in this case Vishnu.
   Chaitanya was a well-known saint and reformer of Bengal who popularised the Krishna cult. He renounced the world, became an ascetic and wandered all over the country preaching his ideas. He proclaimed the universal brotherhood of man and condemned all distinction based on religion and caste.

   Unattempted
   

   Gnanadeva (or Dnyaneshwar) was the founder of the bhakti Movement in Maharashtra in the thirteenth century. It was called Maharashtra dharma. He wrote a commentary of Bhagavat Gita called Gnaneswari (or Dnyaneshwari).
   Another bhakti saint of Maharashtra was Tukaram, a contemporary of Sivaji. He was responsible for creating a background for Maratha nationalism. He opposed all social distinctions.
   In the late fifteenth century, Shankaradeva emerged as one of the leading proponents of Vaishnavism in Assam. His teachings, often known as the Bhagavati dharma because they were based on the Bhagavad Gita and the Bhagavata Purana, focused on absolute surrender to the supreme deity, in this case Vishnu.
   Chaitanya was a well-known saint and reformer of Bengal who popularised the Krishna cult. He renounced the world, became an ascetic and wandered all over the country preaching his ideas. He proclaimed the universal brotherhood of man and condemned all distinction based on religion and caste.
3. Question 3 of 100

   3. Question

   Consider the following statements:
   (1) It is a folk dance form from a western state in India.
   (2) It has been recognised as an Intangible Cultural Heritage of the country.
   (3) The dance movements replicate that of the snake.
   The above statements best describes which of the following dance form?
   (A) Swang
   (B) Bhavai
   (C) Kalbelia
   (D) Lavani

   • A
   • B
   • C
   • D
   Correct
   

   Incorrect
   

   Kalbelia is a folk dance from Rajasthan, recognised as an intangible cultural heritage of India by UNESCO. It is performed by the Kalbelia community who were traditionally professional snakehandlers. Women dance replicating the movement of the snake and men accompany them on khanjari and poongi.
   o Swang is a music-based theatre form from Haryana.
   o Bhavai is traditional theatre from Gujarat.
   o Lavani is a folk dance performed by the women of fishing community in Maharashtra.
   o Hence, (C) is the correct option.

   Unattempted
   

   Kalbelia is a folk dance from Rajasthan, recognised as an intangible cultural heritage of India by UNESCO. It is performed by the Kalbelia community who were traditionally professional snakehandlers. Women dance replicating the movement of the snake and men accompany them on khanjari and poongi.
   o Swang is a music-based theatre form from Haryana.
   o Bhavai is traditional theatre from Gujarat.
   o Lavani is a folk dance performed by the women of fishing community in Maharashtra.
   o Hence, (C) is the correct option.
4. Question 4 of 100

   4. Question

   In the context of ancient Indian history, “Tamizhakam” refers to:.
   (A) a new culture that developed as a result of contacts between Arabs & people of South India around 1st century AD.
   (B) is another name for megalithic structures built around burials.
   (C) is a name of migrant tribes from north to south during 1st century BC.
   (D) cultural & economic contacts between the north & south as a result of trade between people which became important from 4th century BC.

   • A
   • B
   • C
   • D
   Correct
   

   Incorrect
   

   Tamizhakham' refers to the cultural & economic contacts established between the north & south as a result of trade between people which became important from 4th century BC.

   Unattempted
   

   Tamizhakham' refers to the cultural & economic contacts established between the north & south as a result of trade between people which became important from 4th century BC.
5. Question 5 of 100

   5. Question

   With reference to the Tamil epic Silappadikaram, which of the following statements is/are correct?
   (1) It was composed around the sixth century B.C.
   (2) It deals with the story of previous births of Gautama Buddha in both human and animal form.
   (3) It was written by Chithalai Chathanar, a grain merchant of Madurai.
   Select the correct answer using the code given below.
   (A) 1 only
   (B) 1 and 3 only
   (C) 2 and 3 only
   (D) None

   • A
   • B
   • C
   • D
   Correct
   

   Incorrect
   

   The twin Tamil epics Silappadikaram and Manimekalai were composed around the sixth century AD.
   Hence Statement 1 is not correct.
   The first is considered to be the brightest gem of early Tamil literature. It deals with a love story in which a dignitary called Kovalan prefers a courtesan called Madhavi of Kaveripattanam to his wedded wife Kannagi from a noble family. Hence statement 2 is not correct.
   Ilango Adigal, was the author of Silappatikaram and he tries to locate the scenes of the story in all the kingdoms of the Tamil state.
   The other epic, Manimekalai, was written by Chithalai Chathanar, a grain merchant of Madurai. Hence statement 3 is not correct.
   It deals with the adventures of the daughter born of the union of Kovalan and Madhavi. However, this epic is of greater religious than literary interest. It is claimed in the prologues to the two epics that the authors were friends and contemporaries of the Chera king Senguttuvan, who ruled in the second century AD. Though the epics cannot be dated so early, they throw light on the social and economic life of the Tamils up to about the sixth century.

   Unattempted
   

   The twin Tamil epics Silappadikaram and Manimekalai were composed around the sixth century AD.
   Hence Statement 1 is not correct.
   The first is considered to be the brightest gem of early Tamil literature. It deals with a love story in which a dignitary called Kovalan prefers a courtesan called Madhavi of Kaveripattanam to his wedded wife Kannagi from a noble family. Hence statement 2 is not correct.
   Ilango Adigal, was the author of Silappatikaram and he tries to locate the scenes of the story in all the kingdoms of the Tamil state.
   The other epic, Manimekalai, was written by Chithalai Chathanar, a grain merchant of Madurai. Hence statement 3 is not correct.
   It deals with the adventures of the daughter born of the union of Kovalan and Madhavi. However, this epic is of greater religious than literary interest. It is claimed in the prologues to the two epics that the authors were friends and contemporaries of the Chera king Senguttuvan, who ruled in the second century AD. Though the epics cannot be dated so early, they throw light on the social and economic life of the Tamils up to about the sixth century.
6. Question 6 of 100

   6. Question

   With reference to Nalanda school of sculpture, consider the following statements:
   (1) It emerged as a synthesis of Buddhist Gupta art of Sarnath and local Bihar tradition.
   (2) The Nalanda sculptures depict Buddhist deities of the Hinayana sect.
   Which of the statements given above is/are correct?
   (A) 1 only
   (B) 2 only
   (C) Both 1 and 2
   (D) Neither 1 nor 2

   • A
   • B
   • C
   • D
   Correct
   

   Incorrect
   

   The sculptural art of Nalanda, in stucco, stone and bronze, developed out of a heavy dependence on the Buddhist Gupta art of Sarnath. By the ninth century a synthesis occurred between the Sarnath Gupta idiom, the local Bihar tradition, and that of central India, leading to the formation of the Nalandaschool of sculpture characterised by distinctive facial features, body forms and treatment of clothing and jewellery.
   The characteristic features of Nalanda art, distinguished by its consistently high quality of workmanship, are that the precisely executed sculptures have an ordered appearance with little effect of crowding.
   Sculptures are also usually not flat in relief but are depicted in three-dimensional forms. Hence, statement 1 is correct.
   o The Nalanda sculptures initially depict Buddhist deities of the Mahayana pantheon such as standing Buddhas, bodhisattvas such as Manjusri Kumara, Avalokiteshvara seated on a lotus and Naga-Nagarjuna.
   During the late eleventh and twelveth centuries, when Nalanda emerged as an important tantric centre, the repertoire came to be dominated by Vajrayana deities such as Vajrasharada. Hence, statement 2 is not correct.

   Unattempted
   

   The sculptural art of Nalanda, in stucco, stone and bronze, developed out of a heavy dependence on the Buddhist Gupta art of Sarnath. By the ninth century a synthesis occurred between the Sarnath Gupta idiom, the local Bihar tradition, and that of central India, leading to the formation of the Nalandaschool of sculpture characterised by distinctive facial features, body forms and treatment of clothing and jewellery.
   The characteristic features of Nalanda art, distinguished by its consistently high quality of workmanship, are that the precisely executed sculptures have an ordered appearance with little effect of crowding.
   Sculptures are also usually not flat in relief but are depicted in three-dimensional forms. Hence, statement 1 is correct.
   o The Nalanda sculptures initially depict Buddhist deities of the Mahayana pantheon such as standing Buddhas, bodhisattvas such as Manjusri Kumara, Avalokiteshvara seated on a lotus and Naga-Nagarjuna.
   During the late eleventh and twelveth centuries, when Nalanda emerged as an important tantric centre, the repertoire came to be dominated by Vajrayana deities such as Vajrasharada. Hence, statement 2 is not correct.
7. Question 7 of 100

   7. Question

   Ghiyasuddin balban and Alauddin Khilji were both the abled rulers of Delhi Sultanate. Which of the followings were common to both?
   (1) Blood and Iron policy
   (2) Belief in the divine rights of kingship.
   (3) Included non-muslims into nobility.
   (4) Did not recognise the political superiority of Caliph.
   Select the correct answer using the code given below:
   (A) 1 and 2 only
   (B) 1, 2 and 3 only
   (C) 2, 3 and 4 only
   (D) 1 and 4 only

   • A
   • B
   • C
   • D
   Correct
   

   Incorrect
   

   Alauddin Khilji was an autocratic ruler who revived Balban’s theory of divine rights of kingship. Like Balban, he also followed the policy of Blood and Iron against any challenge to his sovereignty.
   However, it was only Alauddin who allowed non-muslims into the nobility. The nobility of Balban comprised only Turkish and non-Turkish muslims.
   Alauddin did not recognise the Caliph to be his political superior. The tradition of Caliphate was just theoretically alive. He was the first Sultan to do so. Balban obeyed the tradition of Caliphate as the part of his duty.

   Unattempted
   

   Alauddin Khilji was an autocratic ruler who revived Balban’s theory of divine rights of kingship. Like Balban, he also followed the policy of Blood and Iron against any challenge to his sovereignty.
   However, it was only Alauddin who allowed non-muslims into the nobility. The nobility of Balban comprised only Turkish and non-Turkish muslims.
   Alauddin did not recognise the Caliph to be his political superior. The tradition of Caliphate was just theoretically alive. He was the first Sultan to do so. Balban obeyed the tradition of Caliphate as the part of his duty.
8. Question 8 of 100

   8. Question

   With respect to the mahajanapadas, consider the following pairs:
   Mahajanapada : Current Location
   (1) Anga : Bhagalpur
   (2) Magadha : Patna
   (3) Kurus : Meerut
   Which of the pairs given above is/are correctly matched?
   (A) 1 and 2 only
   (B) 2 and 3 only
   (C) 1 and 3 only
   (D) 1, 2 and 3

   • A
   • B
   • C
   • D
   Correct
   

   Incorrect
   

   o All the pairs are correctly matched.
   Anga: The first reference to the Angas is found in the Atharva-Veda where they are mentioned along with the Magadhas, Gandharis and the Mujavats, all apparently as a despised people. The Jaina Prajnapana ranks Angas and Vangas in the first group of Aryan peoples. Based on Mahabharata evidence, the country of Anga roughly corresponded to the region of Bhagalpur and Monghyr in Bihar and parts of Bengal.
   Magadha: The kingdom of the Magadhas roughly corresponded to the modern districts of Patna and Gaya in southern Bihar, and parts of Bengal in the east. It was bounded on the north by river Ganga, on the east by the river Champa, on the south by the Vindhya mountains and on the west by river Sona.
   Kurus: The country of the Kurus roughly corresponded to the modern Thaneswer, union territory of Delhi and Meerut district of Uttar Pradesh. The rivers Aruna, Ashumati, Hiranvati, Apaya, Kausiki, Sarasvati and Drishadvati or Rakshi washed the lands of Kurus.

   Unattempted
   

   o All the pairs are correctly matched.
   Anga: The first reference to the Angas is found in the Atharva-Veda where they are mentioned along with the Magadhas, Gandharis and the Mujavats, all apparently as a despised people. The Jaina Prajnapana ranks Angas and Vangas in the first group of Aryan peoples. Based on Mahabharata evidence, the country of Anga roughly corresponded to the region of Bhagalpur and Monghyr in Bihar and parts of Bengal.
   Magadha: The kingdom of the Magadhas roughly corresponded to the modern districts of Patna and Gaya in southern Bihar, and parts of Bengal in the east. It was bounded on the north by river Ganga, on the east by the river Champa, on the south by the Vindhya mountains and on the west by river Sona.
   Kurus: The country of the Kurus roughly corresponded to the modern Thaneswer, union territory of Delhi and Meerut district of Uttar Pradesh. The rivers Aruna, Ashumati, Hiranvati, Apaya, Kausiki, Sarasvati and Drishadvati or Rakshi washed the lands of Kurus.
9. Question 9 of 100

   9. Question

   Consider the following statements:
   (1) Srauta Sutra is related with vedic sacrifice.
   (2) Grihya Sutra is related to the designing of the sacrificial pot and contains early reference of Geometry.
   (3) Sulva Sutra is the manual of human conduct and is the source of various laws.
   Which of the statements given above is/are correct?
   (A) 1 only
   (B) 1 and 3 only
   (C) 2 and 3 only
   (D) 1, 2 and 3

   • A
   • B
   • C
   • D
   Correct
   

   Incorrect
   

   Statement 1 is correct. Srauta Sutra is based on older vedic literature. It is a part of Kalpa Sutras written in Sanskrit. It consists of instructions relating to use of the Shruti, a corpus in ritual and the manner of performance of rituals (includes vedic sacrifices).
   Some of the early Srauta sutras were composed in the late Brahmana period like Baudhayana and Vadhula Sutras.
   Statement 2 and statement 3 are incorrect. Grihya Sutras is the oldest text, gives the idea about the caste system, marriage system and positions of women in the society. It also tells about the sacrifice or fire place in the house. But the designing of sacrificial pots and early reference of geometry is related with Sulva Sutra. Indian mathematics is supposed to have originated from Sulva Sutras.

   Unattempted
   

   Statement 1 is correct. Srauta Sutra is based on older vedic literature. It is a part of Kalpa Sutras written in Sanskrit. It consists of instructions relating to use of the Shruti, a corpus in ritual and the manner of performance of rituals (includes vedic sacrifices).
   Some of the early Srauta sutras were composed in the late Brahmana period like Baudhayana and Vadhula Sutras.
   Statement 2 and statement 3 are incorrect. Grihya Sutras is the oldest text, gives the idea about the caste system, marriage system and positions of women in the society. It also tells about the sacrifice or fire place in the house. But the designing of sacrificial pots and early reference of geometry is related with Sulva Sutra. Indian mathematics is supposed to have originated from Sulva Sutras.
10. Question 10 of 100

    10. Question

    “This ruler was given a title of 'Vichitrachitta', which is a sanskrit word meaning unique thoughts or weird thoughts. He was pioneer in building temples with stones. Cave temples were also his contribution. His interests also included music, painting and writing books.”
    The above passage describes which of the following rulers?
    (A) Rajaraja Chola I
    (B) Mahendravarman I
    (C) Harihara I
    (D) Prataprudra II

    • A
    • B
    • C
    • D
    Correct
    

    Incorrect
    

    Mahendravarman I (600-630 A.D.)was the most remarkable of the Pallavas monarch. A ardent Jaina in his earlier life, he was later persuaded by one Appar, a Saiva saint, to worship Siva. He introduced a new technique in the temple architecture. He carved out temples from huge rocks without using bricks, wood and mortar. It is considered to be an innovation in the field of South Indian art and architecture.
    Therefore, he was called as Vichitrachitha. The inscription at Mandagapattu mentions Mahendravarman I with numerous titles such as Vichitrachitta (curious-minded),Chitrakarapuli (tiger among artists), Chaityakari (temple builder), which show his interest in art activities. He was responsible for building temples at Panamalai, Mandagapattu, and Kanchipuram. Hence only option (B) is correct.
    Harihara I and his brother Bukka were originally in the service of the Kakatiya ruler of Warangal. Later they joined the ruler of Kampili and, on the annexation of that principality to the Delhi sultanate, were taken prisoners and carried to Delhi. In 1336, Muhammad bin Tughlaq allowed them to return to Kampili, where they started a rebellion. In the course of this rebellion, the city of Vijayanagar was founded on the bank of the Tungabhadra River. Within a decade or so, the two brothers established their control over the whole valley of Tungabhadra.
    Rajaraja Chola I (c. 985 – c. 1014 CE) – During his reign, the Cholas expanded beyond South India with their domains stretching from Sri Lanka in the south to Kalinga in the north. Raja Raja Chola also launched several naval campaigns that resulted in the capture of the Malabar Coast as well as the Maldives and Sri Lanka. Raja Raja built the Brihadeswarar Temple in Thanjavur. During his reign, the texts of the Tamil poets Appar, Sambandar and Sundarar were collected and edited into one compilation called Thirumurai.
    Prataparudra II (A.D.1295 and ruled till A.D.1323) He pushed the western border of his kingdom up to Raichur. He introduced many administrative reforms. He divided the kingdom into 75 Nayakships, which was later adopted and developed by the Rayas of Vijayanagara. In his time the territory constituting Andhra Pradesh had the first experience of a Muslim invasion. In A.D.1303, the Delhi Sultan Ala-ud-din Khilji sent an army to plunder the kingdom.
    But Prataparudra defeated them at Upparapalli in Karimnagar district. In A.D. 1310, when another army under Malik Kafur invaded Warangal, Prataparudra yielded and agreed to pay a large tribute. In A.D.1318, when Ala-ud-din Khilji died, Prataparudra withheld the tribute.
    It provoked another invasion of the Muslims. In A.D.1321, Ghiaz-ud-din Tughlaq sent a large army under Ulugh Khan to conquer the Telugu country then called Tilling.
    He laid siege to Warangal, but owing to internal dissensions he called off the siege and returned to Delhi.
    Within a short period, he came back with a much bigger army. In spite of unpreparedness, Prataparudra fought bravely. For want of supplies, he surrendered to the enemy who sent him to Delhi as a prisoner, and he died on the way.
    Thus, ended the Kakatiya rule, opening the gates of the Telugu land to anarchy and confusion yielding place to an alien ruler.

    Unattempted
    

    Mahendravarman I (600-630 A.D.)was the most remarkable of the Pallavas monarch. A ardent Jaina in his earlier life, he was later persuaded by one Appar, a Saiva saint, to worship Siva. He introduced a new technique in the temple architecture. He carved out temples from huge rocks without using bricks, wood and mortar. It is considered to be an innovation in the field of South Indian art and architecture.
    Therefore, he was called as Vichitrachitha. The inscription at Mandagapattu mentions Mahendravarman I with numerous titles such as Vichitrachitta (curious-minded),Chitrakarapuli (tiger among artists), Chaityakari (temple builder), which show his interest in art activities. He was responsible for building temples at Panamalai, Mandagapattu, and Kanchipuram. Hence only option (B) is correct.
    Harihara I and his brother Bukka were originally in the service of the Kakatiya ruler of Warangal. Later they joined the ruler of Kampili and, on the annexation of that principality to the Delhi sultanate, were taken prisoners and carried to Delhi. In 1336, Muhammad bin Tughlaq allowed them to return to Kampili, where they started a rebellion. In the course of this rebellion, the city of Vijayanagar was founded on the bank of the Tungabhadra River. Within a decade or so, the two brothers established their control over the whole valley of Tungabhadra.
    Rajaraja Chola I (c. 985 – c. 1014 CE) – During his reign, the Cholas expanded beyond South India with their domains stretching from Sri Lanka in the south to Kalinga in the north. Raja Raja Chola also launched several naval campaigns that resulted in the capture of the Malabar Coast as well as the Maldives and Sri Lanka. Raja Raja built the Brihadeswarar Temple in Thanjavur. During his reign, the texts of the Tamil poets Appar, Sambandar and Sundarar were collected and edited into one compilation called Thirumurai.
    Prataparudra II (A.D.1295 and ruled till A.D.1323) He pushed the western border of his kingdom up to Raichur. He introduced many administrative reforms. He divided the kingdom into 75 Nayakships, which was later adopted and developed by the Rayas of Vijayanagara. In his time the territory constituting Andhra Pradesh had the first experience of a Muslim invasion. In A.D.1303, the Delhi Sultan Ala-ud-din Khilji sent an army to plunder the kingdom.
    But Prataparudra defeated them at Upparapalli in Karimnagar district. In A.D. 1310, when another army under Malik Kafur invaded Warangal, Prataparudra yielded and agreed to pay a large tribute. In A.D.1318, when Ala-ud-din Khilji died, Prataparudra withheld the tribute.
    It provoked another invasion of the Muslims. In A.D.1321, Ghiaz-ud-din Tughlaq sent a large army under Ulugh Khan to conquer the Telugu country then called Tilling.
    He laid siege to Warangal, but owing to internal dissensions he called off the siege and returned to Delhi.
    Within a short period, he came back with a much bigger army. In spite of unpreparedness, Prataparudra fought bravely. For want of supplies, he surrendered to the enemy who sent him to Delhi as a prisoner, and he died on the way.
    Thus, ended the Kakatiya rule, opening the gates of the Telugu land to anarchy and confusion yielding place to an alien ruler.
11. Question 11 of 100

    11. Question

    The Arab merchant, Sulaiman, who visited India in the middle of 9th century accounted that:
    (1) The ruler was constantly at war with his neighbours.
    (2) It was customary for the king to be accompanied by a force of 50,000 elephants.
    Which one of the following rulers is being referred in the statements given above?
    (A) Dhruva, the Rashtrakuta ruler.
    (B) Nagabhatta II, the Pratihara ruler.
    (C) Dharmapala, the ruler of Pala kingdom.
    (D) Amoghavarsha, the Rashtrakuta ruler

    • A
    • B
    • C
    • D
    Correct
    

    Incorrect
    

    An Arab merchant, Sulaiman, visited India in the middle of 9th century wrote an account of Pala king ‘Dharmapala’. He says that:
    ● The Pala ruler was constantly at war with his neighbours, but his troops were more numerous than his adversaries.
    ● It was customary for the Pala king to be accompanied by a force of 50,000 elephants, and that 10 to 15 thousand men in his army were employed in fulling and washing clothes.
    Statement 1 could be true for any of the ruler mentioned in the options, but it needs to be seen in the context of accounts recorded by Sulaiman.

    Unattempted
    

    An Arab merchant, Sulaiman, visited India in the middle of 9th century wrote an account of Pala king ‘Dharmapala’. He says that:
    ● The Pala ruler was constantly at war with his neighbours, but his troops were more numerous than his adversaries.
    ● It was customary for the Pala king to be accompanied by a force of 50,000 elephants, and that 10 to 15 thousand men in his army were employed in fulling and washing clothes.
    Statement 1 could be true for any of the ruler mentioned in the options, but it needs to be seen in the context of accounts recorded by Sulaiman.
12. Question 12 of 100

    12. Question

    Which of the following were part of Bhagavatism?
    (1) Ahimsa or the doctrine of non-killing of animals
    (2) Doctrine of incarnation or avtara
    (3) Worship of Vishnu
    Select the correct answer using the code given below.
    (A) 1 and 3 only
    (B) 1 and 2 only
    (C) 1, 2 and 3
    (D) 2 and 3 only

    • A
    • B
    • C
    • D
    Correct
    

    Incorrect
    

    Bhagavatismcentred on the worship of Vishnu or Bhagavat. Vishnu was a minor God in the Vedic times but in the 2nd century B.C. he was merged with a God called Narayana, who was originally a non-Vedic tribal god. He was called Bhagavat and his worshippers were called Bhagavatas. Vishnu also came to be identified with a legendary hero of the Vrishni tribe of western India known as Krishna Vasudeva.
    Bhagavatism was marked by bhakti (loving devotion) and ahimsa (non-killing of animals).
    o It preached the doctrine of incarnation or avtara. History was presented as a cycle of ten incarnations of Vishnu.

    Unattempted
    

    Bhagavatismcentred on the worship of Vishnu or Bhagavat. Vishnu was a minor God in the Vedic times but in the 2nd century B.C. he was merged with a God called Narayana, who was originally a non-Vedic tribal god. He was called Bhagavat and his worshippers were called Bhagavatas. Vishnu also came to be identified with a legendary hero of the Vrishni tribe of western India known as Krishna Vasudeva.
    Bhagavatism was marked by bhakti (loving devotion) and ahimsa (non-killing of animals).
    o It preached the doctrine of incarnation or avtara. History was presented as a cycle of ten incarnations of Vishnu.
13. Question 13 of 100

    13. Question

    During ancient India, the prime objective of the visits of Chinese scholars was to:
    (A) search for Buddhist text and literatures.
    (B) develop diplomatic relation with Indian rulers.
    (C) understand the Indian education system.
    (D) secure trading concessions from the then rulers in India.

    • A
    • B
    • C
    • D
    Correct
    

    Incorrect
    

    A large number of Indian missionaries went to China, Central Asia, and Afghanistan to preach their religion. China emerged as a great centre of Buddhism.
    As per Chinese records, 162 visits were made by the Chinese monks during the fifth to the eighth centuries. But the visit of only one Indian scholar called Bodhidharma to China is recorded in this period. All these visits were concerned with Buddhist texts and translations.
    From China, Buddhism spread to Korea and Japan, and it was in search of Buddhist texts and doctrines that several Chinese pilgrims, such as Fa-hsien and Hsuan Tsang, came to India.
    Hence option (A) is the correct answer.

    Unattempted
    

    A large number of Indian missionaries went to China, Central Asia, and Afghanistan to preach their religion. China emerged as a great centre of Buddhism.
    As per Chinese records, 162 visits were made by the Chinese monks during the fifth to the eighth centuries. But the visit of only one Indian scholar called Bodhidharma to China is recorded in this period. All these visits were concerned with Buddhist texts and translations.
    From China, Buddhism spread to Korea and Japan, and it was in search of Buddhist texts and doctrines that several Chinese pilgrims, such as Fa-hsien and Hsuan Tsang, came to India.
    Hence option (A) is the correct answer.
14. Question 14 of 100

    14. Question

    Consider the following statements regarding the Pithora/Pithoro paintings:
    (1) These are traditional forms of murals and is said to serve religious and spiritual purpose.
    (2) They are painted on the walls of the house to bring peace and prosperity.
    (3) These paintings are usually made by women in parts of Uttar Pradesh and Bihar.
    Which of the statement given above is/are correct?
    (A) 1 and 2 only
    (B) 2 only
    (C) 2 and 3 only
    (D) 1, 2 and 3

    • A
    • B
    • C
    • D
    Correct
    

    Incorrect
    

    Statement 1 is correct. Pithora/Pithoro paintings are traditional forms of murals and is said to serve religious and spiritual purpose.
    Statement 2 is correct. Pithora/Pithoro paintings paintings are usually made by women either at the time of ceremonies or festivals or as a routine to clean and decorate the walls. These paintings are painted on the walls of the house to bring peace and prosperity.
    Statement 3 is incorrect. These paintings are done by some tribal communities of Gujarat, Rajasthan and Madhya Pradesh. They are drawn on special family occasions as a ritual. Depiction of animals is common especially horses.

    Unattempted
    

    Statement 1 is correct. Pithora/Pithoro paintings are traditional forms of murals and is said to serve religious and spiritual purpose.
    Statement 2 is correct. Pithora/Pithoro paintings paintings are usually made by women either at the time of ceremonies or festivals or as a routine to clean and decorate the walls. These paintings are painted on the walls of the house to bring peace and prosperity.
    Statement 3 is incorrect. These paintings are done by some tribal communities of Gujarat, Rajasthan and Madhya Pradesh. They are drawn on special family occasions as a ritual. Depiction of animals is common especially horses.
15. Question 15 of 100

    15. Question

    Jainism spread in southern India because
    (1) Brahmanical religion was weak in southern India.
    (2) Magadha was affected by great famine.
    Select the correct answer using the code given below.
    (A) 1 only
    (B) 2 only
    (C) Both 1 and 2
    (D) Neither 1 nor 2

    • A
    • B
    • C
    • D
    Correct
    

    Incorrect
    

    Both the statements are correct.
    o In order to spread the teachings of Jainism, Mahavira organized an order of his followers that admitted both men and women. He preached his teachings in Prakrit, the language of the common people. As Jainism did not very clearly differentiate itself from the Brahmanical religion, it failed to attract the masses. Despite this, Jainism gradually spread into the south and west India where the Brahmanicalreligion was weak. The second cause of the spread of Jainism in south India is said to have been the great famine that took place in Magadha 200 years after Mahavira’s death. The famine lasted for 12 years and in order to protect themselves, many Jainas migrated to the south under the leadership of Bhadrabahu, though the rest of them stayed back in Magadha under the leadership of Sthalabahu. The emigrant Jainas spread Jainism in south India. At the end of the famine, they returned to Magadha, where they developed differences with the local Jainas. Those who returned from the south claimed that even during the famine they had strictly observed the religious rules. They alleged too that the Jaina ascetics living in Magadha had violated those rules and had become lax. In order to sort out these differences and to compile the principle teachings of Jainism, a council was convened in Pataliputra (Patna), but the Jainas who had returned from the south boycotted it and refused to accept its decisions.
    From now onwards, the Southern began to be called digambaras and the Magadha‘s shvetambara.

    Unattempted
    

    Both the statements are correct.
    o In order to spread the teachings of Jainism, Mahavira organized an order of his followers that admitted both men and women. He preached his teachings in Prakrit, the language of the common people. As Jainism did not very clearly differentiate itself from the Brahmanical religion, it failed to attract the masses. Despite this, Jainism gradually spread into the south and west India where the Brahmanicalreligion was weak. The second cause of the spread of Jainism in south India is said to have been the great famine that took place in Magadha 200 years after Mahavira’s death. The famine lasted for 12 years and in order to protect themselves, many Jainas migrated to the south under the leadership of Bhadrabahu, though the rest of them stayed back in Magadha under the leadership of Sthalabahu. The emigrant Jainas spread Jainism in south India. At the end of the famine, they returned to Magadha, where they developed differences with the local Jainas. Those who returned from the south claimed that even during the famine they had strictly observed the religious rules. They alleged too that the Jaina ascetics living in Magadha had violated those rules and had become lax. In order to sort out these differences and to compile the principle teachings of Jainism, a council was convened in Pataliputra (Patna), but the Jainas who had returned from the south boycotted it and refused to accept its decisions.
    From now onwards, the Southern began to be called digambaras and the Magadha‘s shvetambara.
16. Question 16 of 100

    16. Question

    Consider the following pairs regarding the nine rasas or emotions expressed through dance:
    Rasas : Emotion
    (1) Bibhatsa : Tragedy
    (2) Veera : Anger
    (3) Shaanta : Tranquility
    Which of the pairs given above is/are incorrectly matched?
    (A) 1 only
    (B) 1 and 2 only
    (C) 2 and 3 only
    (D) 1, 2 and 3

    • A
    • B
    • C
    • D
    Correct
    

    Incorrect
    

    Nandikeshwara’s Abhinaya Darpana depicts the three basic elements of dance, which are, Nritta (basic dance steps), Natya (dramatic representation) and Nritya (sentiments and emotions evoked through dance).
    Nandikeshwara further elaborated the Nayak-Nayika Bhav, in which the eternal deity is seen as the hero or Nayak and the devotees who performs the dance is the heroin of the act, the Nayika. There are nine rasas or emotions that are expressed through the dance, which are:
    i) Shringara: for love
    ii) Raudra : for anger
    iii) Bibhatsa : for disgust
    iv) Veera : for heroism
    v) Shaant : for peace and tranquility
    vi) Haasya : for laughter and comedy
    vii) Karuna : for tragedy
    viii) Bhayanak : for horror
    ix) Adbhuta : for wonder

    Unattempted
    

    Nandikeshwara’s Abhinaya Darpana depicts the three basic elements of dance, which are, Nritta (basic dance steps), Natya (dramatic representation) and Nritya (sentiments and emotions evoked through dance).
    Nandikeshwara further elaborated the Nayak-Nayika Bhav, in which the eternal deity is seen as the hero or Nayak and the devotees who performs the dance is the heroin of the act, the Nayika. There are nine rasas or emotions that are expressed through the dance, which are:
    i) Shringara: for love
    ii) Raudra : for anger
    iii) Bibhatsa : for disgust
    iv) Veera : for heroism
    v) Shaant : for peace and tranquility
    vi) Haasya : for laughter and comedy
    vii) Karuna : for tragedy
    viii) Bhayanak : for horror
    ix) Adbhuta : for wonder
17. Question 17 of 100

    17. Question

    Which of the following statements is/are correct about Lepakshi Paintings?
    (1) These miniature type of paintings executed on Veerabhadra temple walls at Lepakshi in 16th century .
    (2) Shows complete absence of primary colours.
    (3) Red colour used for outlining the figures.
    (A) 1,2 only
    (B) 2 only
    (C) 3 only
    (D) 1,3 only

    • A
    • B
    • C
    • D
    Correct
    

    Incorrect
    

    The Veerabhadra Swami temple, which got recently listed in the UNESCO’s tentative list of world heritage sites in India for 2022, is a glorious example of the much-celebrated Vijayanagara architecture.
    •Lepakshi temple is located in Andhra Pradesh, built during the era of Vijayanagara Empire.
    •The temple is famous for its three shrines, which are dedicated to
    •Lord Vishnu
    •Lord Shiva
    •Lord Veerabhadra.
    •The Lepakshi temple also has the finest specimens of Mural paintings (not miniature) of Vijayanagara period. Paintings were executed on Veerabhadra temple walls at Lepakshi in 16th Century.
    •They follow the religious theme, based on Ramayana, Mahabharata and incarnations of Vishnu.
    •The paintings show a complete absence of primary colours, especially blue. They depict a decline in painting in termsof quality.
    •The forms, figures and details of their costumes are outlined with black colour.

    Unattempted
    

    The Veerabhadra Swami temple, which got recently listed in the UNESCO’s tentative list of world heritage sites in India for 2022, is a glorious example of the much-celebrated Vijayanagara architecture.
    •Lepakshi temple is located in Andhra Pradesh, built during the era of Vijayanagara Empire.
    •The temple is famous for its three shrines, which are dedicated to
    •Lord Vishnu
    •Lord Shiva
    •Lord Veerabhadra.
    •The Lepakshi temple also has the finest specimens of Mural paintings (not miniature) of Vijayanagara period. Paintings were executed on Veerabhadra temple walls at Lepakshi in 16th Century.
    •They follow the religious theme, based on Ramayana, Mahabharata and incarnations of Vishnu.
    •The paintings show a complete absence of primary colours, especially blue. They depict a decline in painting in termsof quality.
    •The forms, figures and details of their costumes are outlined with black colour.
18. Question 18 of 100

    18. Question

    Which of the following statements about prehistoric paintings is/are incorrect?
    (1) Most of the paintings belongs to the mesolithic age.
    (2) Common themes of the paintings were hunting and social life of the people.
    (3) Mineral ochre mixed with lime and water used for painting.
    (A) 1 only
    (B) 1 and 3 only
    (C) 3 only
    (D) None of the above

    • A
    • B
    • C
    • D
    Correct
    

    Incorrect
    

    The pre-historic paintings were generally executed on rocks and these rock engravings were called Petroglyphs. The first set of pre-historic paintings was discovered in Bhimbetaka caves in Madhya Pradesh. The Bhimbetaka paintings were discovered in 1957-58 by an archaeologist named V.S. Wakankar. These paintings generally depict animals like bison, beers and tigers etc. They have been called the 'Zoo Rock Shelter' because it depicts elephant, rhinoceros, cattle, snake, spotted deer, barasingha, etc.
    There are three major phases of pre-historic paintings:

    Upper Paleolithic Period (40000-10000 BC)

    The walls of the rock shelter caves were made of quartzite and so they used minerals for pigments. One of the most common mineral was ochre or geru mixed with lime and water. They used different minerals to make colours like red, white, yellow and green, which widened their palette. The white, dark red and green were used to depict large animals like bison, elephant, rhino, tigers etc. For the human figurines, red was used for hunters and the green mostly for dancers.

    Mesolithic Period (10000-4000 BC)

    This period mainly saw the use of red colour. In comparison to the Upper Paleolithic period, the size of the paintings also became smaller during this period. One of the most common scenes depicted in these paintings is of group hunting and several other paintings depict grazing activity and riding scenes.

    Chalcolithic period (2000-700 BC)

    This period saw the increase in the number of paintings using the green and yellow colour. Mostly battle scenes were depected in paintings.

    Unattempted
    

    The pre-historic paintings were generally executed on rocks and these rock engravings were called Petroglyphs. The first set of pre-historic paintings was discovered in Bhimbetaka caves in Madhya Pradesh. The Bhimbetaka paintings were discovered in 1957-58 by an archaeologist named V.S. Wakankar. These paintings generally depict animals like bison, beers and tigers etc. They have been called the 'Zoo Rock Shelter' because it depicts elephant, rhinoceros, cattle, snake, spotted deer, barasingha, etc.
    There are three major phases of pre-historic paintings:

    Upper Paleolithic Period (40000-10000 BC)

    The walls of the rock shelter caves were made of quartzite and so they used minerals for pigments. One of the most common mineral was ochre or geru mixed with lime and water. They used different minerals to make colours like red, white, yellow and green, which widened their palette. The white, dark red and green were used to depict large animals like bison, elephant, rhino, tigers etc. For the human figurines, red was used for hunters and the green mostly for dancers.

    Mesolithic Period (10000-4000 BC)

    This period mainly saw the use of red colour. In comparison to the Upper Paleolithic period, the size of the paintings also became smaller during this period. One of the most common scenes depicted in these paintings is of group hunting and several other paintings depict grazing activity and riding scenes.

    Chalcolithic period (2000-700 BC)

    This period saw the increase in the number of paintings using the green and yellow colour. Mostly battle scenes were depected in paintings.
19. Question 19 of 100

    19. Question

    consider the following statements regarding Sittanavasal Cave paintings :
    (1) These famous rock-cut caves are known for the paintings in Jain temples..
    (2) Central element of the paintings shows Samava-sarana ,an important religious practice.
    Which of the statements given above is/are correct?
    (A) 1 only
    (B) 2 only
    (C) Both 1 and 2
    (D) Niether 1 nor 2

    • A
    • B
    • C
    • D
    Correct
    

    Incorrect
    

    Sittanavasal Cave Paintings:
    Located 16 km northwest of Pudukkottai town in Tamil Nadu, these famous rock-cut caves are known for the paintings in the Jain temples. These murals have close resemblance to Bagh and Ajanta paintings. The paintings are not only on the walls but also on the ceiling and pillars. The paintings are with the theme of Jain Samavasarana (Preaching hall).
    Some scholars believe that these caves belong to the Pallava period, when king Mahendravarman I excavated the temple, while the others attribute them to when Pandya ruler renovated the shrine in the 7th century. The medium used for painting is vegetable and mineral dyes, and is done by putting colours on surface of thin wet lime plaster. The common colours include yellow, green, orange, blue, black and white.
    The central element of the paintings in Sittanavasal is a pond with lotuses. Flowers in this pond are collected by monks, there are shown ducks, swans,fishes and animals. This scene shows Samava-sarana – important scene in Jain religion.Samava-sarana is special, beautiful audience hall where Tirthankaras delivered sermonsafter they reached realisation (kevala-gnana). Bulls, elephants, apsaras and gods gathered in this audience hall to witness this grand scene.

    Unattempted
    

    Sittanavasal Cave Paintings:
    Located 16 km northwest of Pudukkottai town in Tamil Nadu, these famous rock-cut caves are known for the paintings in the Jain temples. These murals have close resemblance to Bagh and Ajanta paintings. The paintings are not only on the walls but also on the ceiling and pillars. The paintings are with the theme of Jain Samavasarana (Preaching hall).
    Some scholars believe that these caves belong to the Pallava period, when king Mahendravarman I excavated the temple, while the others attribute them to when Pandya ruler renovated the shrine in the 7th century. The medium used for painting is vegetable and mineral dyes, and is done by putting colours on surface of thin wet lime plaster. The common colours include yellow, green, orange, blue, black and white.
    The central element of the paintings in Sittanavasal is a pond with lotuses. Flowers in this pond are collected by monks, there are shown ducks, swans,fishes and animals. This scene shows Samava-sarana – important scene in Jain religion.Samava-sarana is special, beautiful audience hall where Tirthankaras delivered sermonsafter they reached realisation (kevala-gnana). Bulls, elephants, apsaras and gods gathered in this audience hall to witness this grand scene.
20. Question 20 of 100

    20. Question

    Consider the following statements:
    (1) Art of Mughal painting was mainly initiated in Akbars regime.
    (2) Mughal painters brought the technique of foreshortening to Indian painter's repertoire.
    (3) Mir Sayyad Ali was the court painter of Akbar.
    Which of the statements given above is/are correct?
    (A) 1 and 2
    (B) 2 and 3
    (C) 1 and 3
    (D) 1,2 and 3

    • A
    • B
    • C
    • D
    Correct
    

    Incorrect
    

    Mughal Era Miniature Painting

    The paintings made in the Mughal period had a distinctive style as they were drawing from Persian antecedents. There was a change in colour palette, themes and forms. The focus shifted from depicting the god to glorifying the ruler and showing his life. They focused on hunting scenes, historical events and other court related paintings. The Mughal paintings brought together Persian naturalistic style with the opulence of a great dynasty and created some beautifully illustrated folios.
    These paintings were considered unique because of the use of brilliant colours. The painters were supposed to concentrate on ensuring the accuracy of line drawing. Except religious paintings, the Mughals were known for their diverse themes.Even though they made only miniature paintings, the illustration in paintings are considered amongst the most unique paintings in the world.
    They brought the technique of foreshortening to the Indian painter's repertoire. Under the technique, “objects were drawn in a way that they look closer and smaller than they really are.
    The styles of paintings under the successive rulers are as follows:
    Early Mughal Painters

    Babur established the Mughal dynasty after fighting a series of wars. He did not have much time to commission paintings, but he is said to have patronised the Persian artist called Bihzad who made some illustrations of the Mughal family tree.

    Humayun:
    • Humayun was mostly engaged in containing his rivals till he was forced out of India by Sher Shah in 1540.
    • It was, however, during his refuge at the court of Shab Tahmasp of Persia that Humayun acquired love of the art of painting. Humayun was so influenced by the art practised there that he commissioned Mir Syed Ali and Khwaja Abdus Samad, two Persian masters, to illustrate manuscripts for him. These two painters (first joined him in Afghanistan) joined Humayun's entourage on his triumphant return to India.
    • Humayun's contribution to the evolution of Mughal painting is very important. There are several important features of the Mughal school which seem to have originated in the paintings done during Humayun's period.Hence Art of Mughal painting was mainly initiated in Humayun‘s regime.
    • An important painting from Humayun's period is titled 'Princes of the House of Timur’ and dated c.1550. It has been executed on cloth, quite large in size. Such a large format is unusual even for paintings in Persia, and it has been suggested that it probably relates to the Mongol tradition of having paintings in their tents.
    • The Persian master artists Abdus Samad and Mir Sayid Ali, who had accompanied Humayun to India, were in charge of the imperial atelier during the early formative stages of Mughal painting, but large numbers of artists worked on large commissions, the majority of them apparently Hindu.
    • Mughal painting flourished during the late 16th and early 17th centuries with spectacular works of art by master artists such as Basawan, Lal, Miskin, Kesu Das, and Daswanth.
    Akbar:

    Akbar was responsible for establishment of an entire department devoted to the paintings and scribing of his documents. He established a formal artistic studio called Tasvir Khana where the artists were hired on salary and they developed their own styles. Akbar looked upon paintings as a means of study and amusement. He believed that a painting could show the demeanor of the subject and regularly gave awards to those painters who created lifelike images.

    Unattempted
    

    Mughal Era Miniature Painting

    The paintings made in the Mughal period had a distinctive style as they were drawing from Persian antecedents. There was a change in colour palette, themes and forms. The focus shifted from depicting the god to glorifying the ruler and showing his life. They focused on hunting scenes, historical events and other court related paintings. The Mughal paintings brought together Persian naturalistic style with the opulence of a great dynasty and created some beautifully illustrated folios.
    These paintings were considered unique because of the use of brilliant colours. The painters were supposed to concentrate on ensuring the accuracy of line drawing. Except religious paintings, the Mughals were known for their diverse themes.Even though they made only miniature paintings, the illustration in paintings are considered amongst the most unique paintings in the world.
    They brought the technique of foreshortening to the Indian painter's repertoire. Under the technique, “objects were drawn in a way that they look closer and smaller than they really are.
    The styles of paintings under the successive rulers are as follows:
    Early Mughal Painters

    Babur established the Mughal dynasty after fighting a series of wars. He did not have much time to commission paintings, but he is said to have patronised the Persian artist called Bihzad who made some illustrations of the Mughal family tree.

    Humayun:
    • Humayun was mostly engaged in containing his rivals till he was forced out of India by Sher Shah in 1540.
    • It was, however, during his refuge at the court of Shab Tahmasp of Persia that Humayun acquired love of the art of painting. Humayun was so influenced by the art practised there that he commissioned Mir Syed Ali and Khwaja Abdus Samad, two Persian masters, to illustrate manuscripts for him. These two painters (first joined him in Afghanistan) joined Humayun's entourage on his triumphant return to India.
    • Humayun's contribution to the evolution of Mughal painting is very important. There are several important features of the Mughal school which seem to have originated in the paintings done during Humayun's period.Hence Art of Mughal painting was mainly initiated in Humayun‘s regime.
    • An important painting from Humayun's period is titled 'Princes of the House of Timur’ and dated c.1550. It has been executed on cloth, quite large in size. Such a large format is unusual even for paintings in Persia, and it has been suggested that it probably relates to the Mongol tradition of having paintings in their tents.
    • The Persian master artists Abdus Samad and Mir Sayid Ali, who had accompanied Humayun to India, were in charge of the imperial atelier during the early formative stages of Mughal painting, but large numbers of artists worked on large commissions, the majority of them apparently Hindu.
    • Mughal painting flourished during the late 16th and early 17th centuries with spectacular works of art by master artists such as Basawan, Lal, Miskin, Kesu Das, and Daswanth.
    Akbar:

    Akbar was responsible for establishment of an entire department devoted to the paintings and scribing of his documents. He established a formal artistic studio called Tasvir Khana where the artists were hired on salary and they developed their own styles. Akbar looked upon paintings as a means of study and amusement. He believed that a painting could show the demeanor of the subject and regularly gave awards to those painters who created lifelike images.
21. Question 21 of 100

    21. Question

    Consider the following statements about Mughal Painting art:
    (1) In Jahangir's period, three dimensional figures in Mughal art of paintings were introduced.
    (2) He was keen naturalist and brought naturalism to portrait paintings.
    (3) 'Gulshan beg' was the masterpiece from Jahangir's period.
    Which of the statements given above is/are correct?
    (A) 1 and 3
    (B) 2 and 3
    (C) 1,2,3
    (D) 2 Only

    • A
    • B
    • C
    • D
    Correct
    

    Incorrect
    

    Akbar also recognised the beauty of those Indian artists who had worked for previous rulers and invited them to work in his tasvir khana. Hence, the 'Indian influence' started in the Mughal paintings. The defining features of paintings in Akbar's period are the use of 3 dimensional figures and the continued use of foreshortening.
    The Mughal paintings reached its zenith in the period of Jahangir. He was a naturalist by nature and preferred the paintings of flora and fauna, i.e. birds, animals, trees and flowers. He emphasised on bringing naturalism to portrait painting. One of the unique trends that developed in this period was of decorated margins around the paintings that were sometimes as elaborate as the paintings themselves.
    • Govardhan was a noted painter during the reigns of Akbar, Jahangir and Shah Jahan.
    • Farrukh Beg (1545- 1615) was a Persian born Mughal painter who served in the court of Mirza Muhammad Hakim before working for Mughal Emperor Akbar and Jahangir. His most noted work was under the Mughal emperor Jahangir called as the Gulshan Album.

    Unattempted
    

    Akbar also recognised the beauty of those Indian artists who had worked for previous rulers and invited them to work in his tasvir khana. Hence, the 'Indian influence' started in the Mughal paintings. The defining features of paintings in Akbar's period are the use of 3 dimensional figures and the continued use of foreshortening.
    The Mughal paintings reached its zenith in the period of Jahangir. He was a naturalist by nature and preferred the paintings of flora and fauna, i.e. birds, animals, trees and flowers. He emphasised on bringing naturalism to portrait painting. One of the unique trends that developed in this period was of decorated margins around the paintings that were sometimes as elaborate as the paintings themselves.
    • Govardhan was a noted painter during the reigns of Akbar, Jahangir and Shah Jahan.
    • Farrukh Beg (1545- 1615) was a Persian born Mughal painter who served in the court of Mirza Muhammad Hakim before working for Mughal Emperor Akbar and Jahangir. His most noted work was under the Mughal emperor Jahangir called as the Gulshan Album.
22. Question 22 of 100

    22. Question

    With reference to cultural History of India ,Tutinama, Hunzanama, Gulistan of Sadi are related to,
    (A) Biographies of Mughal kings
    (B) Religious texts
    (C) Prominent manuscripts in Mughal’s time
    (D) Rule books of Mughal court

    • A
    • B
    • C
    • D
    Correct
    

    Incorrect
    

    Akbar was responsible for establishment of an entire department devoted to the paintings and scribing of his documents. He established a formal artistic studio called Tasvir Khana where the artists were hired on salary and they developed their own styles.During Akbar's reign, notably illustrated manuscripts include Tutinama, Hamzanama, Anvar-i-Suhaili, and Gulistan of Sadi.
    Tutinama :

    In the 12th century, Indian artists painted parrots telling the stories. This style of painting was also popular among the Persian artists of later centuries. Inspired by ancient art, Mughal Emperor Akbar (1542-1605) motivated the artists in his court to paint the parrot stories. And the painting-series, known as Tutinama was the outcome.
    In this series of paintings, a parrot tells stories to its master lady. She is alone, as her husband has gone on a long-time business journey. The master lady hears the stories day-by-day and night-by-night. It is believed that there are 52 stories. There are paintings done for the depiction of every story. The paintings showed the parrot telling the stories, and the lady hearing the stories. Two Persian artists named Mir Sayyid Ali and Abdus Samad were the head of the project Tutinama. Emperor Akbar had entrusted them with the project to depict the Indian environment.

    Hunzanama: The Hamzanama was one of the earliest important commissions by the third Mughal emperor Akbar (r.1556–1605). It tells the story of the adventures of Amir Hamza, the uncle of the Prophet Muhammad, and in its original form consisted of approximately 1400 folios. These were unusual for their large format and because they were painted on cotton cloth rather than paper. Each page had a painting on one side and text on the other, and the paintings were unique in their bold composition, rich palette and ornamentation. Their production was an enormous undertaking for Akbar’s atelier, which employed several eminent Persian artists, including ‘Abd al-Samad and Mir Sayyid ‘Ali.

    Unattempted
    

    Akbar was responsible for establishment of an entire department devoted to the paintings and scribing of his documents. He established a formal artistic studio called Tasvir Khana where the artists were hired on salary and they developed their own styles.During Akbar's reign, notably illustrated manuscripts include Tutinama, Hamzanama, Anvar-i-Suhaili, and Gulistan of Sadi.
    Tutinama :

    In the 12th century, Indian artists painted parrots telling the stories. This style of painting was also popular among the Persian artists of later centuries. Inspired by ancient art, Mughal Emperor Akbar (1542-1605) motivated the artists in his court to paint the parrot stories. And the painting-series, known as Tutinama was the outcome.
    In this series of paintings, a parrot tells stories to its master lady. She is alone, as her husband has gone on a long-time business journey. The master lady hears the stories day-by-day and night-by-night. It is believed that there are 52 stories. There are paintings done for the depiction of every story. The paintings showed the parrot telling the stories, and the lady hearing the stories. Two Persian artists named Mir Sayyid Ali and Abdus Samad were the head of the project Tutinama. Emperor Akbar had entrusted them with the project to depict the Indian environment.

    Hunzanama: The Hamzanama was one of the earliest important commissions by the third Mughal emperor Akbar (r.1556–1605). It tells the story of the adventures of Amir Hamza, the uncle of the Prophet Muhammad, and in its original form consisted of approximately 1400 folios. These were unusual for their large format and because they were painted on cotton cloth rather than paper. Each page had a painting on one side and text on the other, and the paintings were unique in their bold composition, rich palette and ornamentation. Their production was an enormous undertaking for Akbar’s atelier, which employed several eminent Persian artists, including ‘Abd al-Samad and Mir Sayyid ‘Ali.
23. Question 23 of 100

    23. Question

    which of the following pairs is/are correctly matched ?
    Painting Area
    (1) Warli. Maharashtra
    (2) Pithora. Gujarat
    (3) Manjusha. Bihar
    (4) Patua. Odisha
    (A) 1 and 2
    (B) 1 and 3
    (C) 1,2 and 3
    (D) 1 and 4

    • A
    • B
    • C
    • D
    Correct
    

    Incorrect
    

    Warli Painting
    The name of the painting comes from the people who have been carrying the painting tradition that goes back to 2500-3000 BC. They are called the Warlis, indigenous people that occupy mainly the Gujarat- Maharashtra border. These paintings have close resemblance to the mural paintings of Bhimbetka in Madhya Pradesh that date back to the pre historic period. These ritualistic paintings have a central motif of a chaukat or chauk, which is surrounded by scenes portraying fishing, hunting, farming, dances, animals, trees and festivals. Among the Goddesses, Palaghata (goddess of fertility) is drawn and among the male gods, those spirits that have taken human form are represented. Traditionally, the paintings are done on the walls using very basic graphic vocabulary,including a triangle, a circle and a square.
    Pithora Paintings
    The paintings are done by some tribal communities of Gujarat and Madhya Pradesh and is said to serve religious and spiritual purpose. They are painted in the walls of the houses to bring peace and prosperity. They are drawn on special family- occasions as a ritual. Depiction of animals are common especially horse.
    Manjusha Painting is goier ellow eds swien mont boit beriqeni 916 2sqarle saad azer This art form belongs to Bhagalpur region of Bihar. It is also known as Angika art, where 'ang' refers to one of the Mahajan Pada. Since snake motifs are always present, it is also called snake painting. These paintings are executed on boxes of jute and paper.
    Patua Art

    The art of Bengal, Patua art dates back around a thousand years. It started out as a village tradition by painters telling Mangal Kavyas or auspicious stories of Gods and Goddesses. These paintings are done on pats or scrolls and for generations, the scroll painters or patuas have been going to different villages to sing their stories in lieu of food or money.
    Traditionally these were painted on cloth and told religious stories; today they are painted with poster paints on sheets of paper sown together, usually used to comment on political and social issues. These patuas mostly come from Midnapur district of the state, while those who call themselves chitrakar are from North and South 24 Parganas and Birbhum districts.

    Unattempted
    

    Warli Painting
    The name of the painting comes from the people who have been carrying the painting tradition that goes back to 2500-3000 BC. They are called the Warlis, indigenous people that occupy mainly the Gujarat- Maharashtra border. These paintings have close resemblance to the mural paintings of Bhimbetka in Madhya Pradesh that date back to the pre historic period. These ritualistic paintings have a central motif of a chaukat or chauk, which is surrounded by scenes portraying fishing, hunting, farming, dances, animals, trees and festivals. Among the Goddesses, Palaghata (goddess of fertility) is drawn and among the male gods, those spirits that have taken human form are represented. Traditionally, the paintings are done on the walls using very basic graphic vocabulary,including a triangle, a circle and a square.
    Pithora Paintings
    The paintings are done by some tribal communities of Gujarat and Madhya Pradesh and is said to serve religious and spiritual purpose. They are painted in the walls of the houses to bring peace and prosperity. They are drawn on special family- occasions as a ritual. Depiction of animals are common especially horse.
    Manjusha Painting is goier ellow eds swien mont boit beriqeni 916 2sqarle saad azer This art form belongs to Bhagalpur region of Bihar. It is also known as Angika art, where 'ang' refers to one of the Mahajan Pada. Since snake motifs are always present, it is also called snake painting. These paintings are executed on boxes of jute and paper.
    Patua Art

    The art of Bengal, Patua art dates back around a thousand years. It started out as a village tradition by painters telling Mangal Kavyas or auspicious stories of Gods and Goddesses. These paintings are done on pats or scrolls and for generations, the scroll painters or patuas have been going to different villages to sing their stories in lieu of food or money.
    Traditionally these were painted on cloth and told religious stories; today they are painted with poster paints on sheets of paper sown together, usually used to comment on political and social issues. These patuas mostly come from Midnapur district of the state, while those who call themselves chitrakar are from North and South 24 Parganas and Birbhum districts.
24. Question 24 of 100

    24. Question

    Consider the following statements regarding Pattachitra paintings:
    (1) It is a famous form of miniature painting from parts of the Odisha State.
    (2) Charcoal is used rather than brush to draw outlines.
    (3) Themes of these paintings inspired from Vaishnavism.
    Which of the above statements is/are correct?
    (A) 3 only
    (B) 1 and 2
    (C) 1 and 3
    (D) 1,2 and 3

    • A
    • B
    • C
    • D
    Correct
    

    Incorrect
    

    A traditional painting of Odisha, the name Pattachitra comes from a Sanskrit word patta, which means canvas/cloth and chitra means picture. The paintings show a mix of classical and folk elements, with a bias towards the latter. The base of the painting is treated cloth while the colours used comes from natural sources including burnt coconut shells, Hingula, Ramaraja and lamp black. No pencil or charcoal is used, rather brush is used to draw the outlines in red or yellow after which the colours are filled. The background is decorated with foliage and flowers and the paintings have a intricately worked frame. Once the final lines are drawn, the painting is given a coating of lacquer to give it a glossy finish.
    The themes of these paintings are inspired from Jagannath and Vaishnava cult, sometimes from Shakti and Shaiva cults.
    Raghurajpur in Odisha is known for this art form. The pattachitra paintings depict images that are similar to the old murals of the state, especially the ones in Puri and Konark. Pattachitra on palm leaf is known as talapattachitra. The hard dried leaves of palm trees are sewn together as a canvas on which images are drawn using white or black ink. A number of superimposing layers are glued together and some areas are left so that there are small window like openings that reveal second images under the first layer of the leaf.

    Unattempted
    

    A traditional painting of Odisha, the name Pattachitra comes from a Sanskrit word patta, which means canvas/cloth and chitra means picture. The paintings show a mix of classical and folk elements, with a bias towards the latter. The base of the painting is treated cloth while the colours used comes from natural sources including burnt coconut shells, Hingula, Ramaraja and lamp black. No pencil or charcoal is used, rather brush is used to draw the outlines in red or yellow after which the colours are filled. The background is decorated with foliage and flowers and the paintings have a intricately worked frame. Once the final lines are drawn, the painting is given a coating of lacquer to give it a glossy finish.
    The themes of these paintings are inspired from Jagannath and Vaishnava cult, sometimes from Shakti and Shaiva cults.
    Raghurajpur in Odisha is known for this art form. The pattachitra paintings depict images that are similar to the old murals of the state, especially the ones in Puri and Konark. Pattachitra on palm leaf is known as talapattachitra. The hard dried leaves of palm trees are sewn together as a canvas on which images are drawn using white or black ink. A number of superimposing layers are glued together and some areas are left so that there are small window like openings that reveal second images under the first layer of the leaf.
25. Question 25 of 100

    25. Question

    which of the following Indian theater form is not correctly matched ?
    (A) Bhuta-Karnataka
    (B) Daskathia-Odisha
    (C) Ramman-Uttarakhand
    (D) Yakshagana-Tamil Nadu

    • A
    • B
    • C
    • D
    Correct
    

    Incorrect
    

    Bhuta : Bhuta means spirit is traditional practice of worshipping the dead ancestors ,prevalent in Karnataka.

    Ramman

    It is a ritualistic theatre of Garhwal region of Uttarakhand. It is dedicated to Bhumiyal Devta, the local deity. It is listed in the UNESCO's Representative list of the Intangible Cultural Heritage of Humanity. People of the Bhandari caste wear the sacred mask symbolizing Narsimha.

    Daskathia

    Daskathia is a form of folk theatre popular in the region of Odisha. In this form, there are two narrators – Gayaka, who is the chief singer and Palia, who is the co-narrator. The narration is accompanied by a dramatic music composed using a wooden musical instrument called kathia.

    Yakshagana

    It is perhaps the oldest theatre traditions, which is prevalent till date in the regions of Andhra Pradesh and Karnataka. It originated in the royals courts of the Vijaynagar empire and was performed by a particular community known as Jakkula Varu.
    Originally, it was largely a descriptive dance-drama enacted by a single artist. Later forms adopted further variations and became a typical dance drama. Some of the popular variants of Yakshagana are Lalita in Maharashtra, Bhavai in Gujarat and Gandharva Gana in Nepal.

    Unattempted
    

    Bhuta : Bhuta means spirit is traditional practice of worshipping the dead ancestors ,prevalent in Karnataka.

    Ramman

    It is a ritualistic theatre of Garhwal region of Uttarakhand. It is dedicated to Bhumiyal Devta, the local deity. It is listed in the UNESCO's Representative list of the Intangible Cultural Heritage of Humanity. People of the Bhandari caste wear the sacred mask symbolizing Narsimha.

    Daskathia

    Daskathia is a form of folk theatre popular in the region of Odisha. In this form, there are two narrators – Gayaka, who is the chief singer and Palia, who is the co-narrator. The narration is accompanied by a dramatic music composed using a wooden musical instrument called kathia.

    Yakshagana

    It is perhaps the oldest theatre traditions, which is prevalent till date in the regions of Andhra Pradesh and Karnataka. It originated in the royals courts of the Vijaynagar empire and was performed by a particular community known as Jakkula Varu.
    Originally, it was largely a descriptive dance-drama enacted by a single artist. Later forms adopted further variations and became a typical dance drama. Some of the popular variants of Yakshagana are Lalita in Maharashtra, Bhavai in Gujarat and Gandharva Gana in Nepal.
26. Question 26 of 100

    26. Question

    Consider the following statements about Classical Sanskrit theatre:
    (1) Characters in sanskrit plays mainly classified as Nayaka, Nayika and Vidushaka.
    (2) There can be a happy as well as sad ending according to play theme.
    (3) Lead character is always male who achieves desire objects at the end.
    Which of the above statements is/are correct?
    (A) 1 only
    (B) 1 and 2
    (C) 1 and 3
    (D) 1,2, and 3

    • A
    • B
    • C
    • D
    Correct
    

    Incorrect
    

    Theatre in India began as a narrative art form, which emcompassed a concoction of music,dance and acting. Kalidasa is perhaps the most popular among the Sanskrit playwrights. His three works Malavikagnimitra, Vikramorvashi and Shakuntalam are some of the finest examples of classical Sanskrit drama. Kalidasa was unparallel in his portrayal of the eternal conflict between desire and duty.
    Some of the other examples of plays are Uttaramacharitra and Mahaviracharitra by Bhavabhuti, Mudrarakshasa by Visakhadatta and Ratnavali by Harshavardhan.
    In the classical Sanskrit tradition, plays were categorised into ten types – namely Anka, Bhana, Dima, Ithamgra, Nataka, Prahasana, Prakarna, Svakarna, Vithi and Vyayog. Natya Shastra describes only two of these – Nataka and Prakarna .
    Classical Sanskrit play was bound by some rigid conventions:
    •They were generally four to seven-act plays.
    •They always had happy-endings, where the hero wins or does not die
    •The protagonist was male who would always achieve the object of his desire at the end
    •The plays had well defined opening, progression, development, pause and conclusion

    Sanskrit plays followed an almost ritualistic progression.The play started with a number of pre-play rituals, also known as purva-raga, most of as to which were performed behind the curtain.
    Characters in Sanskrit plays were important. They were broadly classified into three kinds which are Nayaka (Hero or the Protagonist), Nayika (Heroine) and the Vidusaka (Clown).
    Nayaka (Hero), played by males may be of different personalities like Lalita (Kind-hearted), Shanta (Calm & composed), Uddhata (Agitated or arrogant) etc. Hero may also be 'Pratinayaka' (Anatagonist) like Ravana, Duryodhana, etc.
    Nayika (Herione), played by females are queens, friends, courtesans (ganika), divine lady (Divya).
    Vidusaka (Clown), the comic character plays a vital role in the plays. He is the noble and good-hearted, often a friend of hero. He questions the prevailing social norms through satire.

    Unattempted
    

    Theatre in India began as a narrative art form, which emcompassed a concoction of music,dance and acting. Kalidasa is perhaps the most popular among the Sanskrit playwrights. His three works Malavikagnimitra, Vikramorvashi and Shakuntalam are some of the finest examples of classical Sanskrit drama. Kalidasa was unparallel in his portrayal of the eternal conflict between desire and duty.
    Some of the other examples of plays are Uttaramacharitra and Mahaviracharitra by Bhavabhuti, Mudrarakshasa by Visakhadatta and Ratnavali by Harshavardhan.
    In the classical Sanskrit tradition, plays were categorised into ten types – namely Anka, Bhana, Dima, Ithamgra, Nataka, Prahasana, Prakarna, Svakarna, Vithi and Vyayog. Natya Shastra describes only two of these – Nataka and Prakarna .
    Classical Sanskrit play was bound by some rigid conventions:
    •They were generally four to seven-act plays.
    •They always had happy-endings, where the hero wins or does not die
    •The protagonist was male who would always achieve the object of his desire at the end
    •The plays had well defined opening, progression, development, pause and conclusion

    Sanskrit plays followed an almost ritualistic progression.The play started with a number of pre-play rituals, also known as purva-raga, most of as to which were performed behind the curtain.
    Characters in Sanskrit plays were important. They were broadly classified into three kinds which are Nayaka (Hero or the Protagonist), Nayika (Heroine) and the Vidusaka (Clown).
    Nayaka (Hero), played by males may be of different personalities like Lalita (Kind-hearted), Shanta (Calm & composed), Uddhata (Agitated or arrogant) etc. Hero may also be 'Pratinayaka' (Anatagonist) like Ravana, Duryodhana, etc.
    Nayika (Herione), played by females are queens, friends, courtesans (ganika), divine lady (Divya).
    Vidusaka (Clown), the comic character plays a vital role in the plays. He is the noble and good-hearted, often a friend of hero. He questions the prevailing social norms through satire.
27. Question 27 of 100

    27. Question

    Which of the following pair is wrongly matched ?
    (A) Yoga- Patanjali
    (B) Vaisheshika- Kanada
    (C) Purva Mimamsa- Kapila
    (D) Nyaya- Gautama

    • A
    • B
    • C
    • D
    Correct
    

    Incorrect
    

    Indian Philosophy (or, in Sanskrit, Darshanas), refers to any of several traditions of philosophical thought that originated in the Indian subcontinent, including Hindu philosophy, Buddhist philosophy, and Jain philosophy (see below for brief introductions to these schools). It is considered by Indian thinkers to be a practical discipline, and its goal should always be to improve human life.The main Hindu orthodox (astika) schools of Indian philosophy are those codified during the medieval period of Brahmanic-Sanskritic scholasticism, and they take the ancient Vedas (the oldest sacred texts of Hinduism) as their source and scriptural authority:
    •Samkhya:
    Samkhya is the oldest of the orthodox philosophical systems, and it postulates that everything in reality stems from purusha (self or soul or mind) and prakriti (matter, creative agency, energy). It is a dualist philosophy, although between the self and matter rather than between mind and body as in the Western dualist tradition, and liberation occurs with the realization that the soul and the dispositions of matter (steadiness, activity and dullness) are different.

    •Yoga:

    The Yoga school, as expounded by Patanjali in his 2nd Century B.C. Yoga Sutras, accepts the Samkhya psychology and metaphysics, but is more theistic, with the addition of a divine entity to Samkhya's twenty-five elements of reality. The relatively brief Yoga Sutras are divided into eight ashtanga (limbs), reminiscent of Buddhism's Noble Eightfold Path, the goal being to quiet one's mind and achieve kaivalya (solitariness or detachment).
    •Nyaya:

    The Nyaya school is based on the Nyaya Sutras, written by Aksapada Gautama in the 2nd Century B.C. Its methodology is based on a system of logic that has subsequently been adopted by the majority of the Indian schools, in much the same way as Aristotelian logic has influenced Western philosophy. Its followers believe that obtaining valid knowledge (the four sources of which are perception, inference, comparison and testimony) is the only way to gain release from suffering. Nyaya developed several criteria by which the knowledge thus obtained was to be considered valid or invalid (equivalent in some ways to Western analytic philosophy).

    •Vaisheshika:

    The Vaisheshika school was founded by Kanada in the 6th Century B.C., and it is atomist and pluralist in nature. The basis of the school's philosophy is that all objects in the physical universe are reducible to a finite number of atoms, and Brahman is regarded as the fundamental force that causes consciousness in these atoms. The Vaisheshika and Nyaya schools eventually merged because of their closely related metaphysical theories (although Vaisheshika only accepted perception and inference as sources of valid knowledge).

    •Purva Mimamsa:

    It was propounded by Sage Jaimini.The main objective of the Purva Mimamsa school is to interpret and establish the authority of the Vedas. It requires unquestionable faith in the Vedas and the regular performance of the Vedic fire-sacrifices to sustain all the activity of the universe. Although in general the Mimamsa accept the logical and philosophical teachings of the other schools, they insist that salvation can only be attained by acting in accordance with the prescriptions of the Vedas. The school later shifted its views and began to teach the doctrines of Brahman and freedom, allowing for the release or escape of the soul from its constraints through enlightened activity.

    •Vedanta:

    The Vedanta, or Uttara Mimamsa, school concentrates on the philosophical teachings of the Upanishads (mystic or spiritual contemplations within the Vedas), rather than the Brahmanas (instructions for ritual and sacrifice). The Vedanta focus on meditation, self-discipline and spiritual connectivity, more than traditional ritualism.

    Unattempted
    

    Indian Philosophy (or, in Sanskrit, Darshanas), refers to any of several traditions of philosophical thought that originated in the Indian subcontinent, including Hindu philosophy, Buddhist philosophy, and Jain philosophy (see below for brief introductions to these schools). It is considered by Indian thinkers to be a practical discipline, and its goal should always be to improve human life.The main Hindu orthodox (astika) schools of Indian philosophy are those codified during the medieval period of Brahmanic-Sanskritic scholasticism, and they take the ancient Vedas (the oldest sacred texts of Hinduism) as their source and scriptural authority:
    •Samkhya:
    Samkhya is the oldest of the orthodox philosophical systems, and it postulates that everything in reality stems from purusha (self or soul or mind) and prakriti (matter, creative agency, energy). It is a dualist philosophy, although between the self and matter rather than between mind and body as in the Western dualist tradition, and liberation occurs with the realization that the soul and the dispositions of matter (steadiness, activity and dullness) are different.

    •Yoga:

    The Yoga school, as expounded by Patanjali in his 2nd Century B.C. Yoga Sutras, accepts the Samkhya psychology and metaphysics, but is more theistic, with the addition of a divine entity to Samkhya's twenty-five elements of reality. The relatively brief Yoga Sutras are divided into eight ashtanga (limbs), reminiscent of Buddhism's Noble Eightfold Path, the goal being to quiet one's mind and achieve kaivalya (solitariness or detachment).
    •Nyaya:

    The Nyaya school is based on the Nyaya Sutras, written by Aksapada Gautama in the 2nd Century B.C. Its methodology is based on a system of logic that has subsequently been adopted by the majority of the Indian schools, in much the same way as Aristotelian logic has influenced Western philosophy. Its followers believe that obtaining valid knowledge (the four sources of which are perception, inference, comparison and testimony) is the only way to gain release from suffering. Nyaya developed several criteria by which the knowledge thus obtained was to be considered valid or invalid (equivalent in some ways to Western analytic philosophy).

    •Vaisheshika:

    The Vaisheshika school was founded by Kanada in the 6th Century B.C., and it is atomist and pluralist in nature. The basis of the school's philosophy is that all objects in the physical universe are reducible to a finite number of atoms, and Brahman is regarded as the fundamental force that causes consciousness in these atoms. The Vaisheshika and Nyaya schools eventually merged because of their closely related metaphysical theories (although Vaisheshika only accepted perception and inference as sources of valid knowledge).

    •Purva Mimamsa:

    It was propounded by Sage Jaimini.The main objective of the Purva Mimamsa school is to interpret and establish the authority of the Vedas. It requires unquestionable faith in the Vedas and the regular performance of the Vedic fire-sacrifices to sustain all the activity of the universe. Although in general the Mimamsa accept the logical and philosophical teachings of the other schools, they insist that salvation can only be attained by acting in accordance with the prescriptions of the Vedas. The school later shifted its views and began to teach the doctrines of Brahman and freedom, allowing for the release or escape of the soul from its constraints through enlightened activity.

    •Vedanta:

    The Vedanta, or Uttara Mimamsa, school concentrates on the philosophical teachings of the Upanishads (mystic or spiritual contemplations within the Vedas), rather than the Brahmanas (instructions for ritual and sacrifice). The Vedanta focus on meditation, self-discipline and spiritual connectivity, more than traditional ritualism.
28. Question 28 of 100

    28. Question

    Consider the following statements about Charvaka philosophy is not correct:
    (A) Brihaspati laid the foundation of the school.
    (B) This school denied existence of brahma and God.
    (C) This school believes in the concept of rebirth.
    (D) Charvaka believed that there was nothing wrong with sensual pleasure.

    • A
    • B
    • C
    • D
    Correct
    

    Incorrect
    

    Charvaka school of philosophy
    •It is an ancient school of Indian The materialist systems were often called “Lokayata,” which means “that which is found among people in general.”
    •Charvaka holds direct perception, empiricism, and conditional inference as proper sources of knowledge, embraces philosophical skepticism and rejects ritualism and supernaturalism.
    •Brihaspati is traditionally referred to as the founder of Charvaka or Lokāyata philosophy.
    •The Charvaka did not believe in karma, rebirth or an afterlife.
    •Charvaka believed that there was nothing wrong with sensual pleasure. Since it is impossible to have pleasure without pain, Charvaka thought that wisdom lay in enjoying pleasure and avoiding pain as far as possible.
    •Charvakas rejected many of the standard religious conceptions of Hindus, Buddhists, Jains and Ajivakas, such as an afterlife, reincarnation, samsara, karma and religious rites. They were critical of the Vedas, as well as Buddhist scriptures.
    •Charvakas concluded that the inference could not be used to ascertain metaphysical truths.

    Unattempted
    

    Charvaka school of philosophy
    •It is an ancient school of Indian The materialist systems were often called “Lokayata,” which means “that which is found among people in general.”
    •Charvaka holds direct perception, empiricism, and conditional inference as proper sources of knowledge, embraces philosophical skepticism and rejects ritualism and supernaturalism.
    •Brihaspati is traditionally referred to as the founder of Charvaka or Lokāyata philosophy.
    •The Charvaka did not believe in karma, rebirth or an afterlife.
    •Charvaka believed that there was nothing wrong with sensual pleasure. Since it is impossible to have pleasure without pain, Charvaka thought that wisdom lay in enjoying pleasure and avoiding pain as far as possible.
    •Charvakas rejected many of the standard religious conceptions of Hindus, Buddhists, Jains and Ajivakas, such as an afterlife, reincarnation, samsara, karma and religious rites. They were critical of the Vedas, as well as Buddhist scriptures.
    •Charvakas concluded that the inference could not be used to ascertain metaphysical truths.
29. Question 29 of 100

    29. Question

    Which of the following pairs about Vedanta school of philosophy is/are correctly matched:
    (1) Advita Ramanujan
    (2) Vishishtadvita Shankaracharya
    (3) Dvaita Madhava charya
    (A) 1 only
    (B) 2 and 3
    (C) 2 only
    (D) 3 only

    • A
    • B
    • C
    • D
    Correct
    

    Incorrect
    

    •Vedanta:

    The Vedanta, or Uttara Mimamsa, school concentrates on the philosophical teachings of the Upanishads (mystic or spiritual contemplations within the Vedas), rather than the Brahmanas (instructions for ritual and sacrifice). The Vedanta focus on meditation, self-discipline and spiritual connectivity, more than traditional ritualism. Due to the rather cryptic and poetic nature of the Vedanta sutras, the school separated into six sub-schools, each interpreting the texts in its own way and producing its own series of sub-commentaries:

    Shankaracharya

    Propagated Advaita (non-dualism or belief in one reality)
    Ultimate reality is one, it being the Brahman : existent, unchanging, the highest truth & the ultimate knowledge
    World is false and self and Brahman are not different – All is Brahman and Brahman is all
    Ramanujacharya

    Propagated Vishistadvaita means modified monism
    Ultimate reality is Brahman (God) & matter and soul are his qualities

    Srikanthacharya

    Propagated Sivadvaita
    Ultimate Brahman is Shiva, endowed with Shakti
    Shiva exists in this world as well as beyond it

    Madhavacharya

    Propagated Dvaita (Dualism)
    world is not an illusion but a reality full of differences

    Nimbaraka

    Propagated Dvaitadvaita (Dualistic monism)
    God transformed himself into world and soul
    world and soul are different from God (Brahman) & survive with the support of God only, hence, they are separate but dependent

    Vallabhacharya

    Propagated Suddhadvaita (Pure non-dualism)
    Brahman (God) is Sri Krishna who manifested himself as souls & matter
    God and soul are not distinct, but one
    His philosophy came to be known as Pushtimarga (the path of grace) & school was called Rudrasampradaya.

    Unattempted
    

    •Vedanta:

    The Vedanta, or Uttara Mimamsa, school concentrates on the philosophical teachings of the Upanishads (mystic or spiritual contemplations within the Vedas), rather than the Brahmanas (instructions for ritual and sacrifice). The Vedanta focus on meditation, self-discipline and spiritual connectivity, more than traditional ritualism. Due to the rather cryptic and poetic nature of the Vedanta sutras, the school separated into six sub-schools, each interpreting the texts in its own way and producing its own series of sub-commentaries:

    Shankaracharya

    Propagated Advaita (non-dualism or belief in one reality)
    Ultimate reality is one, it being the Brahman : existent, unchanging, the highest truth & the ultimate knowledge
    World is false and self and Brahman are not different – All is Brahman and Brahman is all
    Ramanujacharya

    Propagated Vishistadvaita means modified monism
    Ultimate reality is Brahman (God) & matter and soul are his qualities

    Srikanthacharya

    Propagated Sivadvaita
    Ultimate Brahman is Shiva, endowed with Shakti
    Shiva exists in this world as well as beyond it

    Madhavacharya

    Propagated Dvaita (Dualism)
    world is not an illusion but a reality full of differences

    Nimbaraka

    Propagated Dvaitadvaita (Dualistic monism)
    God transformed himself into world and soul
    world and soul are different from God (Brahman) & survive with the support of God only, hence, they are separate but dependent

    Vallabhacharya

    Propagated Suddhadvaita (Pure non-dualism)
    Brahman (God) is Sri Krishna who manifested himself as souls & matter
    God and soul are not distinct, but one
    His philosophy came to be known as Pushtimarga (the path of grace) & school was called Rudrasampradaya.
30. Question 30 of 100

    30. Question

    Consider following statements about Vedanta school of philosophy:
    (1) Ramanujan consider brahma to be any without attributes.
    (2) Ramanujan consider knowledge as path to attain salvation.
    Which of the above statements is/are not correct?
    (A) 1 only
    (B) 2 only
    (C) Both 1 and 2
    (D) Niether 1 nor 2

    • A
    • B
    • C
    • D
    Correct
    

    Incorrect
    

    About Sri Ramanujacharya:

    •Born in 1017 CE in Tamil Nadu.
    •He is the most respected Acharya in the philosophy of Sri Vaishnavism.
    •He was also referred to as Ilaya Perumal which means the radiant one.
    •His philosophical foundations for devotionalism were influential to the Bhakti movement.
    •He is famous as the chief proponent of Vishishtadvaita subschool of Vedānta.
    •He wrote influential texts, such as bhāsya on the Brahma Sutras and the Bhagavad Gita, all in Sanskrit.

    What is Vishishtadvaita?
    •It is a non-dualistic school of Vedanta philosophy. It is non-dualism of the qualified whole, in which Brahman alone exists, but is characterized by multiplicity.
    •It can be described as qualified monism or qualified non-dualism or attributive monism.
    •It is a school of Vedanta philosophy which believes in all diversity subsuming to an underlying unity.

    Advaita Vedanta
    Shankaracharya's View :He considers brahma to be without anyattributes.He considers Knowledge or jnana/gyan to be the main means of attaining salvation.

    Unattempted
    

    About Sri Ramanujacharya:

    •Born in 1017 CE in Tamil Nadu.
    •He is the most respected Acharya in the philosophy of Sri Vaishnavism.
    •He was also referred to as Ilaya Perumal which means the radiant one.
    •His philosophical foundations for devotionalism were influential to the Bhakti movement.
    •He is famous as the chief proponent of Vishishtadvaita subschool of Vedānta.
    •He wrote influential texts, such as bhāsya on the Brahma Sutras and the Bhagavad Gita, all in Sanskrit.

    What is Vishishtadvaita?
    •It is a non-dualistic school of Vedanta philosophy. It is non-dualism of the qualified whole, in which Brahman alone exists, but is characterized by multiplicity.
    •It can be described as qualified monism or qualified non-dualism or attributive monism.
    •It is a school of Vedanta philosophy which believes in all diversity subsuming to an underlying unity.

    Advaita Vedanta
    Shankaracharya's View :He considers brahma to be without anyattributes.He considers Knowledge or jnana/gyan to be the main means of attaining salvation.
31. Question 31 of 100

    31. Question

    Consider following statements:
    (1) Ajivika philosophy based on Karma doctrine.
    (2) They were known to practice extremely severe austerities, such as lying on nails, going through fire, exposing themselves to extreme weather.
    (3) Lomas Rishi cave and vishwamitra cave at barabara created by King Ashoka for Ajivika sect.
    Which of the above statements is/are correct ?
    (A) 1 Only
    (B) 1 and 2
    (C) 1 and 3
    (D) 2 and 3

    • A
    • B
    • C
    • D
    Correct
    

    Incorrect
    

    Ajivika Sect

    It was founded by Goshala Maskariputra (a friend of Mahavira, the 24th Tirthankara of Jainism) and was contemporary of Jainism and Buddhism.
    Ajivika sect is based on the philosophy that the affairs of the entire universe were ordered by a cosmic force called niyati (Sanskrit: “rule” or “destiny”) that determined all events, including an individual’s fate.

    Ajivika Philosophy

    •The Ajivikas’ central belief was that absolutely everything is predetermined by fate, or niyati, and hence human action has no consequence one way or the other.
    •According to them, each soul’s course was like a ball of thread that is unravelling.
    •It will go as it has to go, and similarly each cycle of life and death will have to be experienced, as will joy and sorrow.
    •Once the ball of thread is fully unwound, its journey will end, and so the soul will be liberated through nirvana.

    Asceticism
    •Like Jains, Ajiviks wore no clothes, and lived as ascetic monks in organised groups.
    •They were known to practice extremely severe austerities, such as lying on nails, going through fire, exposing themselves to extreme weather, and even spending time in large earthen pots for penance.

    Unattempted
    

    Ajivika Sect

    It was founded by Goshala Maskariputra (a friend of Mahavira, the 24th Tirthankara of Jainism) and was contemporary of Jainism and Buddhism.
    Ajivika sect is based on the philosophy that the affairs of the entire universe were ordered by a cosmic force called niyati (Sanskrit: “rule” or “destiny”) that determined all events, including an individual’s fate.

    Ajivika Philosophy

    •The Ajivikas’ central belief was that absolutely everything is predetermined by fate, or niyati, and hence human action has no consequence one way or the other.
    •According to them, each soul’s course was like a ball of thread that is unravelling.
    •It will go as it has to go, and similarly each cycle of life and death will have to be experienced, as will joy and sorrow.
    •Once the ball of thread is fully unwound, its journey will end, and so the soul will be liberated through nirvana.

    Asceticism
    •Like Jains, Ajiviks wore no clothes, and lived as ascetic monks in organised groups.
    •They were known to practice extremely severe austerities, such as lying on nails, going through fire, exposing themselves to extreme weather, and even spending time in large earthen pots for penance.
32. Question 32 of 100

    32. Question

    Consider following statements about Theravada Buddhism:
    (1) The ultimate goal of theravadin is to attain the state of Arhat as Buddhahood is practically unachievable.
    (2) Visuddhimagga is a great treatise on Theravada Buddhist school written by Buddhaghosa in 15th century.
    Which of the above statements is/are correct?
    (A) 1 only
    (B) 2 only
    (C) Both 1 and 2
    (D) Niether 1 nor 2

    • A
    • B
    • C
    • D
    Correct
    

    Incorrect
    

    Theravada Buddhism
    •It refers to the school of elder monks.
    •The school uses the Buddha's teaching preserved in the Pali Canon (only existing complete Buddhist canon) as its doctrinal core.
    •In Theravada, the ultimate goal is the cessation of the kleshas and the attainment of the sublime state of Nirvana, achieved by practicing the Noble Eightfold Path, thus escaping what is seen as a cycle of suffering and rebirth. Kleshas include states of mind such as anxiety, fear, anger, jealousy, desire, depression, etc.
    •According to the Theravada tradition, (Samatha and Vipassana form an integral part of the Noble Eightfold Path as described by the Buddha. Samatha deals with calming the mind and Vipassana means insight into the three marks of existence: impermanence, suffering, and the realisation of non-self.
    Theravada believes in the concept of vibhajjavada i.e., “teaching of analysis”.
    •Visuddhimagga (The Path of Purification) is the great treatise on Theravada Buddhisst school, written by Buddhaghosa in the 5th Century AD in Sri Lanka.
    • Theravada tradition is based on the set of teachings decided by the Third Council to contain the teachings of the Buddha.
    • Sri Lanka has played a central role in preserving the Theravada scriptures and practices.
    • After the Third Council, the Tripitaka collection of sutras were taken to Sri Lanka.
    • Just a century after the Buddha passed away, monasteries became the main mechanism for preservation of the teachings.
    • Also extra monastic rules were introduced. Only during one short period in history Buddhism was banned in Sri Lanka, but it was later restored with teachings from Thailand which in turn had originated in Sri Lanka. The main countries where the Theravada tradition is currently alive and well in Sri Lanka, Thailand, Burma, Cambodia and Laos.
    • The teachings on the Four Noble Truths and meditation form the basis of Theravada practice.
    In India, non-Mahayana or Hinayana sects developed independent from the form of Buddhism existing in Sri Lanka. Today, there is no Hinayana tradition in existence anywhere, although Theravada could be called the tradition most like Hinayana.
    • The ultimate goal of the Theravadin and other non- Mahayana practice is to attain the state of an Arhat, as Buddhahood is considered practically unachievable for nearly everyone within this aeon. Although helping other sentient beings is accepted as an important Buddhist practice, the main motivation for following the spiritual path is to achieve liberation for oneself Nirvana.

    Unattempted
    

    Theravada Buddhism
    •It refers to the school of elder monks.
    •The school uses the Buddha's teaching preserved in the Pali Canon (only existing complete Buddhist canon) as its doctrinal core.
    •In Theravada, the ultimate goal is the cessation of the kleshas and the attainment of the sublime state of Nirvana, achieved by practicing the Noble Eightfold Path, thus escaping what is seen as a cycle of suffering and rebirth. Kleshas include states of mind such as anxiety, fear, anger, jealousy, desire, depression, etc.
    •According to the Theravada tradition, (Samatha and Vipassana form an integral part of the Noble Eightfold Path as described by the Buddha. Samatha deals with calming the mind and Vipassana means insight into the three marks of existence: impermanence, suffering, and the realisation of non-self.
    Theravada believes in the concept of vibhajjavada i.e., “teaching of analysis”.
    •Visuddhimagga (The Path of Purification) is the great treatise on Theravada Buddhisst school, written by Buddhaghosa in the 5th Century AD in Sri Lanka.
    • Theravada tradition is based on the set of teachings decided by the Third Council to contain the teachings of the Buddha.
    • Sri Lanka has played a central role in preserving the Theravada scriptures and practices.
    • After the Third Council, the Tripitaka collection of sutras were taken to Sri Lanka.
    • Just a century after the Buddha passed away, monasteries became the main mechanism for preservation of the teachings.
    • Also extra monastic rules were introduced. Only during one short period in history Buddhism was banned in Sri Lanka, but it was later restored with teachings from Thailand which in turn had originated in Sri Lanka. The main countries where the Theravada tradition is currently alive and well in Sri Lanka, Thailand, Burma, Cambodia and Laos.
    • The teachings on the Four Noble Truths and meditation form the basis of Theravada practice.
    In India, non-Mahayana or Hinayana sects developed independent from the form of Buddhism existing in Sri Lanka. Today, there is no Hinayana tradition in existence anywhere, although Theravada could be called the tradition most like Hinayana.
    • The ultimate goal of the Theravadin and other non- Mahayana practice is to attain the state of an Arhat, as Buddhahood is considered practically unachievable for nearly everyone within this aeon. Although helping other sentient beings is accepted as an important Buddhist practice, the main motivation for following the spiritual path is to achieve liberation for oneself Nirvana.
33. Question 33 of 100

    33. Question

    Consider following statements regarding Ajanta caves paintings.
    (1) Presence of both fresco and murals form of paintings.
    (2) Different types hairstyles introduced in paintings.
    (3) Local vegetable colours used and outlines of paintings were done in black colour.
    Which of the above statements is/are not correct?
    (A) 2 and 3 only
    (B) 1 only
    (C) 1 and 2 only
    (D) 1 and 3 only

    • A
    • B
    • C
    • D
    Correct
    

    Incorrect
    

    Ajanta Caves

    Location: Ajanta is a series of rock-cut caves in the Sahyadri ranges (Western Ghats) on Waghora river near Aurangabad in Maharashtra.

    Number of Caves: There are a total of 29 caves (all buddhist) of which 25 were used as Viharas or residential caves while 4 were used as Chaitya or prayer halls.

    Time of Development

    oThe caves were developed in the period between 200 B.C. to 650 A.D.
    oThe Ajanta caves were inscribed by the Buddhist monks, under the patronage of the Vakataka kings – Harishena being a prominent one.
    oReference of the Ajanta caves can be found in the travel accounts of Chinese Buddhist travellers Fa Hien (during the reign of Chandragupta II; 380- 415 CE) and Hieun Tsang (during the reign of emperor Harshavardhana; 606 – 647 CE). .

    Painting

    The figures in these caves were done using fresco painting.
    The outlines of the paintings were done in red colour. One of the striking features is the absence of blue colour in the paintings.
    The paintings are generally themed around Buddhism – the life of Buddha and Jataka stories.
    The walls of the caves have both murals and fresco paintings (painted on wet plaster). They use tempera style, i.e. use of pigments. The paintings portray human values and social fabric along with styles, costumes and ornaments of that period
    UNESCO Site: The caves were designated a UNESCO World Heritage site in 1983.

    Unattempted
    

    Ajanta Caves

    Location: Ajanta is a series of rock-cut caves in the Sahyadri ranges (Western Ghats) on Waghora river near Aurangabad in Maharashtra.

    Number of Caves: There are a total of 29 caves (all buddhist) of which 25 were used as Viharas or residential caves while 4 were used as Chaitya or prayer halls.

    Time of Development

    oThe caves were developed in the period between 200 B.C. to 650 A.D.
    oThe Ajanta caves were inscribed by the Buddhist monks, under the patronage of the Vakataka kings – Harishena being a prominent one.
    oReference of the Ajanta caves can be found in the travel accounts of Chinese Buddhist travellers Fa Hien (during the reign of Chandragupta II; 380- 415 CE) and Hieun Tsang (during the reign of emperor Harshavardhana; 606 – 647 CE). .

    Painting

    The figures in these caves were done using fresco painting.
    The outlines of the paintings were done in red colour. One of the striking features is the absence of blue colour in the paintings.
    The paintings are generally themed around Buddhism – the life of Buddha and Jataka stories.
    The walls of the caves have both murals and fresco paintings (painted on wet plaster). They use tempera style, i.e. use of pigments. The paintings portray human values and social fabric along with styles, costumes and ornaments of that period
    UNESCO Site: The caves were designated a UNESCO World Heritage site in 1983.
34. Question 34 of 100

    34. Question

    With resepect to cultural history of India ,”Gajasur Shiva” sculpture found at :
    (A) Elephanta caves
    (B) Ajanta caves
    (C) Ellora caves
    (D) Bagh caves

    • A
    • B
    • C
    • D
    Correct
    

    Incorrect
    

    Ellora Caves

    Location: It is located nearly 100 Kms away from Ajanta caves in the Sahyadri range of Maharashtra.
    Number of Caves: It is a group of 34 caves – 17 Brahmanical, 12 Buddhist and 5 Jain.

    Time of Development

    oThese set of caves were developed during the period between the 5th and 11th centuries A.D. (newer as compared to Ajanta Caves) by various guilds from Vidarbha, Karnataka and Tamil Nadu.
    oThat is why the caves reflect a natural diversity in terms of theme and architectural styles.
    UNESCO Site: The Ellora complex was designated a UNESCO World Heritage site in 1983.
    Some prominent caves in Ellora :
    Caves 1-12: Buddhist
    Caves 13-29: Hindu
    Caves 30-34: Jain (Digambara sect)
    Cave No. 10 is a Buddhist Chaitya cave known as Vishwakarma Cave or carpenter's cave. Buddha is seated in Vyakhyana Mudra here and Bodhi tree is carved at his back.
    Cave No. 14 is themed “Raavan ki khai”.
    Cave No. 15 is Dashavatar temple,Gajasur Shiva.

    Unattempted
    

    Ellora Caves

    Location: It is located nearly 100 Kms away from Ajanta caves in the Sahyadri range of Maharashtra.
    Number of Caves: It is a group of 34 caves – 17 Brahmanical, 12 Buddhist and 5 Jain.

    Time of Development

    oThese set of caves were developed during the period between the 5th and 11th centuries A.D. (newer as compared to Ajanta Caves) by various guilds from Vidarbha, Karnataka and Tamil Nadu.
    oThat is why the caves reflect a natural diversity in terms of theme and architectural styles.
    UNESCO Site: The Ellora complex was designated a UNESCO World Heritage site in 1983.
    Some prominent caves in Ellora :
    Caves 1-12: Buddhist
    Caves 13-29: Hindu
    Caves 30-34: Jain (Digambara sect)
    Cave No. 10 is a Buddhist Chaitya cave known as Vishwakarma Cave or carpenter's cave. Buddha is seated in Vyakhyana Mudra here and Bodhi tree is carved at his back.
    Cave No. 14 is themed “Raavan ki khai”.
    Cave No. 15 is Dashavatar temple,Gajasur Shiva.
35. Question 35 of 100

    35. Question

    Consider following statements about South Indian Bhakti movements:
    (1) Alvars were the group of saints devoted to Lord Shiva.
    (2) Divya prabandha is known for the collection of hymns of Alvars.
    (3) Andal,Nammalvar are the famous Nayanar saints of the South india.
    Which of the above statements is/are not correct?
    (A) 1 and 2
    (B) 1 and 3
    (C) 2 and 3
    (D) 2 only

    • A
    • B
    • C
    • D
    Correct
    

    Incorrect
    

    Differences between Nayanars and Alvars
    Nayanars were devoted to Lord Shiva and his avatars.Alvars were devoted to Lord Vishnu and his avatars.
    Nayanars were active around the 6th-8th Century AD.Although modern scholars consider the Alvars to be active between the 5th and 10th Century AD, they are believed to have lived between 4200 BCE – 2700 BCE.
    The high priest of Raja Raja Chola I, Nambiyandar Nambi, compiled the hymns into a series of volumes called the Tirumurai.
    The hymns of the Alvars were made into a consolidated volume known as Divya Prabandha.
    The Nayanars were from various backgrounds, including Brahmins, Harijan, and nobles. Along with the twelve Vaishnava Alvars, they are regarded as the important Hindu saints from South India.
    The Bhakti literature that sprang from Alvars had contributed to the establishment and sustenance of a culture that broke away from the ritual-oriented Vedic religion and rooted itself in devotion as the only path for salvation.
    •Tiru Neelakanta
    •Meiporul
    •Viralminda
    •Amaraneedi
    •Eripatha
    •Yenathinathar
    •Sri Andal
    •Thirumazhisai Alvar
    •Thiruppaan Alvar
    •Nammalwar
    •Kulasekara Alwar

    Unattempted
    

    Differences between Nayanars and Alvars
    Nayanars were devoted to Lord Shiva and his avatars.Alvars were devoted to Lord Vishnu and his avatars.
    Nayanars were active around the 6th-8th Century AD.Although modern scholars consider the Alvars to be active between the 5th and 10th Century AD, they are believed to have lived between 4200 BCE – 2700 BCE.
    The high priest of Raja Raja Chola I, Nambiyandar Nambi, compiled the hymns into a series of volumes called the Tirumurai.
    The hymns of the Alvars were made into a consolidated volume known as Divya Prabandha.
    The Nayanars were from various backgrounds, including Brahmins, Harijan, and nobles. Along with the twelve Vaishnava Alvars, they are regarded as the important Hindu saints from South India.
    The Bhakti literature that sprang from Alvars had contributed to the establishment and sustenance of a culture that broke away from the ritual-oriented Vedic religion and rooted itself in devotion as the only path for salvation.
    •Tiru Neelakanta
    •Meiporul
    •Viralminda
    •Amaraneedi
    •Eripatha
    •Yenathinathar
    •Sri Andal
    •Thirumazhisai Alvar
    •Thiruppaan Alvar
    •Nammalwar
    •Kulasekara Alwar
36. Question 36 of 100

    36. Question

    Consider following statements about Kalamkari painting art:
    (1) Base material used is cotton fabric.
    (2) Srikalahasti style and Machilipatnam style are distinct styles of kalamkari painting art.
    (3) Karuppur kalamkari paintings from Tamil Nadu recently received the geographical indication (GI) tag.
    Which of the above statements is/are correct?
    (A) 1 and 2
    (B) 1,2 and 3
    (C) 2 and 3
    (D) 1 and 3

    • A
    • B
    • C
    • D
    Correct
    

    Incorrect
    

    •Kalamkari is a type of hand-painted or block-printed cotton textile produced in Isfahan, Iran, and in the Indian state of Andhra Pradesh.
    •Only natural dyes are used in Kalamkari, which involves twenty-three steps.
    •To create design contours, artists use a bamboo or date palm stickpointed at one end with a bundle of fine hair attached to this pointed end to serve as the brush or pen.
    •There are two distinctive styles of Kalamkari art in India – Srikalahasti styleand the Machilipatnam style.
    •This style flourished in temples centered on creating unique religious identities, appearing on scrolls, temple hangings, chariot banners as well as depictions of deities and scenes taken from the Hindu epics (e.g. Ramayana, Mahabharata and Purana).
    •The style owes its present status to Kamaladevi Chattopadhyay who popularized the art as the first chairperson of the All India Handicrafts Board.
    •The traditional dye-painted figurative and patterned cloth called Karuppur kalamkari paintings and the wood carvings of Kallakurichi have received geographical indication (GI) tags.
    •Kalamkari paintings are done in Karuppur and its surrounding villages in the Udayarpalayam taluk in Ariyalur district, and in and around Sickhanayakanpatti and Thirupanandal in Thiruvidaimaruthur taluk, Thanjavur district, while Kallakurichi wood carvings are mainly practised in Kallakurichi, Chinnaselam and Thirukkovilur taluks in Kallakurichi district.

    Unattempted
    

    •Kalamkari is a type of hand-painted or block-printed cotton textile produced in Isfahan, Iran, and in the Indian state of Andhra Pradesh.
    •Only natural dyes are used in Kalamkari, which involves twenty-three steps.
    •To create design contours, artists use a bamboo or date palm stickpointed at one end with a bundle of fine hair attached to this pointed end to serve as the brush or pen.
    •There are two distinctive styles of Kalamkari art in India – Srikalahasti styleand the Machilipatnam style.
    •This style flourished in temples centered on creating unique religious identities, appearing on scrolls, temple hangings, chariot banners as well as depictions of deities and scenes taken from the Hindu epics (e.g. Ramayana, Mahabharata and Purana).
    •The style owes its present status to Kamaladevi Chattopadhyay who popularized the art as the first chairperson of the All India Handicrafts Board.
    •The traditional dye-painted figurative and patterned cloth called Karuppur kalamkari paintings and the wood carvings of Kallakurichi have received geographical indication (GI) tags.
    •Kalamkari paintings are done in Karuppur and its surrounding villages in the Udayarpalayam taluk in Ariyalur district, and in and around Sickhanayakanpatti and Thirupanandal in Thiruvidaimaruthur taluk, Thanjavur district, while Kallakurichi wood carvings are mainly practised in Kallakurichi, Chinnaselam and Thirukkovilur taluks in Kallakurichi district.
37. Question 37 of 100

    37. Question

    Given below is the list of UNESCO world cultural Heritage site:
    (1) Ajanta caves
    (2) Ellora caves
    (3) Churches and convents of Goa
    (4) Sun temple Konark
    (5) History city of Ahmedabad
    Select the correct chronological order of their addition to the list.
    (A) 1-3-2-4-5
    (B) 1-4-2-5-3
    (C) 3-4-1-2-5
    (D) 1-2-4-3-5

    • A
    • B
    • C
    • D
    Correct
    

    Incorrect
    

    UNESCO World Heritage Sites In India Cultural Sites
    1983
    1.Ajanta Caves (Maharashtra)
    2.Ellora Caves (Maharashtra)
    3.Taj Mahal (Uttar Pradesh)
    4.Agra Fort (Uttar Pradesh)
    1984
    5.Sun Temple, Konark (Odisha)
    6.Group of Monuments at Mahabalipuram (Pancha Ratha, Shore Temple, Arjuna’s Penance or Descent of the Ganges, Caves Temples, etc) (Tamil Nadu)
    1986
    7.Churches and Convents of Goa
    8.Khajuraho group of Monuments (Madhya Pradesh) (Group of Hindu and Jain temples which include Kandariya Mahadeva temple, Vishvanatha temple, Lakshmana temple, Chausath Yogini temple, etc of Hindu origin and Parshvanatha, Adinath and Shantinatha temples, etc of Jain origin)
    9.Fatehpur Sikri (Uttar Pradesh)
    10.Group of Monuments at Hampi, Karnataka (Krishna temple complex, Narasimha, Ganesa, Hemakuta group of temples, Achyutaraya temple complex, Vitthala temple complex, Pattabhirama temple complex, Lotus Mahal complex, etc)
    1987
    11.Elephanta Caves (Maharashtra)
    12.Group of Monuments at Pattadakal (Karnataka) (Nine Hindu temples and one jain temple which includes Virupaksha temple, Papanatha temple, etc.)
    13.Great Chola Temples [Brihadeshwara Temple, Thanjavur (Tamil Nadu), Airavateshvara Temple, Darasuram (Tamil Nadu)]
    1989
    14.Buddhist Monuments at Sanchi, Madhya Pradesh (Great Stupa, Ashokan Pillar, Shunga Pillar, Siri Satakarni inscriptions of Satavahana period, various other Stupas, etc.)
    1993
    15.Humayun’s Tomb (Delhi)
    16.Qutub Minar and it Monuments (Delhi) 1999
    17.Darjeeling Himalayan Railway (West Bengal) (Under Mountain Railways of India)
    2002
    18.Mahabodhi Temple Complex, Bodh Gaya (Bihar)
    2003
    19.Rock shelters of Bhimbetka (Madhya Pradesh)
    2004
    20.Chhatrapati Shivaji Terminus or Victoria Terminus, Mumbai (Maharashtra)
    21.Champaner-Pavagadh Archaeological Park (Gujarat)
    2005
    •Nilgiri Mountain Railways (under Mountain Railways of India)
    2007
    22.Red Fort Complex (Delhi)
    2008
    •Kalka-Shimla Railway (Himachal Pradesh) (under Mountain Railways of India)
    2010
    23.Jantar Mantar, Jaipur (Rajasthan)
    2013
    24.Six hill forts of Rajasthan
    •Chittorgarh
    •Ranthambhore
    • Jaisalmer
    •Kumbhalgarh
    •Amber
    •Gagron
    2014
    25.Rani ki Vav (The Queen’s Stepwell), (Gujarat)
    2016
    26.The Achitectural work of Le Corbusier (Capital Complex, Chandigarh)
    27.Archeological site of Nalanda Mahavihara (Nalanda University), (Bihar)
    2017
    28.Historic city of Ahmedabad.
    2018
    29. Victorian Gothic and Art Deco Ensembles of Mumbai
    2019
    30. Jaipur City, Rajasthan
    2021
    31. Kakatiya Rudreshwara (Ramappa) Temple, Telangana
    32. Dholavira: a Harappan City

    Unattempted
    

    UNESCO World Heritage Sites In India Cultural Sites
    1983
    1.Ajanta Caves (Maharashtra)
    2.Ellora Caves (Maharashtra)
    3.Taj Mahal (Uttar Pradesh)
    4.Agra Fort (Uttar Pradesh)
    1984
    5.Sun Temple, Konark (Odisha)
    6.Group of Monuments at Mahabalipuram (Pancha Ratha, Shore Temple, Arjuna’s Penance or Descent of the Ganges, Caves Temples, etc) (Tamil Nadu)
    1986
    7.Churches and Convents of Goa
    8.Khajuraho group of Monuments (Madhya Pradesh) (Group of Hindu and Jain temples which include Kandariya Mahadeva temple, Vishvanatha temple, Lakshmana temple, Chausath Yogini temple, etc of Hindu origin and Parshvanatha, Adinath and Shantinatha temples, etc of Jain origin)
    9.Fatehpur Sikri (Uttar Pradesh)
    10.Group of Monuments at Hampi, Karnataka (Krishna temple complex, Narasimha, Ganesa, Hemakuta group of temples, Achyutaraya temple complex, Vitthala temple complex, Pattabhirama temple complex, Lotus Mahal complex, etc)
    1987
    11.Elephanta Caves (Maharashtra)
    12.Group of Monuments at Pattadakal (Karnataka) (Nine Hindu temples and one jain temple which includes Virupaksha temple, Papanatha temple, etc.)
    13.Great Chola Temples [Brihadeshwara Temple, Thanjavur (Tamil Nadu), Airavateshvara Temple, Darasuram (Tamil Nadu)]
    1989
    14.Buddhist Monuments at Sanchi, Madhya Pradesh (Great Stupa, Ashokan Pillar, Shunga Pillar, Siri Satakarni inscriptions of Satavahana period, various other Stupas, etc.)
    1993
    15.Humayun’s Tomb (Delhi)
    16.Qutub Minar and it Monuments (Delhi) 1999
    17.Darjeeling Himalayan Railway (West Bengal) (Under Mountain Railways of India)
    2002
    18.Mahabodhi Temple Complex, Bodh Gaya (Bihar)
    2003
    19.Rock shelters of Bhimbetka (Madhya Pradesh)
    2004
    20.Chhatrapati Shivaji Terminus or Victoria Terminus, Mumbai (Maharashtra)
    21.Champaner-Pavagadh Archaeological Park (Gujarat)
    2005
    •Nilgiri Mountain Railways (under Mountain Railways of India)
    2007
    22.Red Fort Complex (Delhi)
    2008
    •Kalka-Shimla Railway (Himachal Pradesh) (under Mountain Railways of India)
    2010
    23.Jantar Mantar, Jaipur (Rajasthan)
    2013
    24.Six hill forts of Rajasthan
    •Chittorgarh
    •Ranthambhore
    • Jaisalmer
    •Kumbhalgarh
    •Amber
    •Gagron
    2014
    25.Rani ki Vav (The Queen’s Stepwell), (Gujarat)
    2016
    26.The Achitectural work of Le Corbusier (Capital Complex, Chandigarh)
    27.Archeological site of Nalanda Mahavihara (Nalanda University), (Bihar)
    2017
    28.Historic city of Ahmedabad.
    2018
    29. Victorian Gothic and Art Deco Ensembles of Mumbai
    2019
    30. Jaipur City, Rajasthan
    2021
    31. Kakatiya Rudreshwara (Ramappa) Temple, Telangana
    32. Dholavira: a Harappan City
38. Question 38 of 100

    38. Question

    Select the correct UNESCO World heritage Natural Sites and their location.
    (1) Manas Wildlife Sanctuary – Assam
    (2) Kaziranga National Park – MadhyaPradesh
    (3) Keoladeo National Park – Uttarakhand
    (4) Sundarban National Park – West Bengal
    (5) Nanda Devi National Park – Himachal Pradesh
    Select the correct pairs.
    (A) only 1 pair is correct
    (B) only 2 pairs are correct
    (C) only 3 pairs are correct
    (D) All of the pairs are correct

    • A
    • B
    • C
    • D
    Correct
    

    Incorrect
    

    UNESCO Natural Sites in India are as follows:
    1.Manas Wildlife Sanctuary (Assam), 1985
    2.Kaziranga National Park (Assam), 1985
    3.Keoladeo National Park, Bharatpur (Rajasthan), 1985 4 Sundarban National Park (West Bengal), 1987
    5.Nanda Devi National Park (1988) and Valley of Flowers (Uttarakhand), 2005
    6.Western Ghats, 2012 (Sub-clusters include Agasthyamalai, Periyar, Anamalai, Nilgiri, Talakaveri, Kudremukh and Sahyadri)
    7.Great Himalayan National Park (Himachal Pradesh), 2014
    8.Khangchendzonga National Park (Sikkim) (2016)

    Unattempted
    

    UNESCO Natural Sites in India are as follows:
    1.Manas Wildlife Sanctuary (Assam), 1985
    2.Kaziranga National Park (Assam), 1985
    3.Keoladeo National Park, Bharatpur (Rajasthan), 1985 4 Sundarban National Park (West Bengal), 1987
    5.Nanda Devi National Park (1988) and Valley of Flowers (Uttarakhand), 2005
    6.Western Ghats, 2012 (Sub-clusters include Agasthyamalai, Periyar, Anamalai, Nilgiri, Talakaveri, Kudremukh and Sahyadri)
    7.Great Himalayan National Park (Himachal Pradesh), 2014
    8.Khangchendzonga National Park (Sikkim) (2016)
39. Question 39 of 100

    39. Question

    For selection of a site as UNESCO heritage site, the site should have which of the following criteria?
    (1) Masterpiece of human creative genius.
    (2) Outstanding example of a type of building, architectural or technological ensemble or landscape.
    Select the correct option
    (A) 1 only
    (B) 2 only
    (C) Both 1 and 2
    (D) Neither 1 nor 2

    • A
    • B
    • C
    • D
    Correct
    

    Incorrect
    

    World heritage criteria
    To be included on the World Heritage List, sites must be of outstanding universal value and meet at least one out of ten selection criteria.
    Until the end of 2004, World Heritage sites were selected on the basis of six cultural and four natural criteria. With the adoption of the revised Operational Guidelines for the Implementation of the World Heritage Convention, only one set of ten criteria exists.
    For a property to be included on the World Heritage List, the World Heritage Committee must find that it meets one or more of the following criteria:
    ●to represent a masterpiece of human creative genius;
    ●to exhibit an important interchange of human values, over a span of time or within a cultural area of the world, on developments in architecture or technology, monumental arts, town-planning or landscape design;
    ●to bear a unique or at least exceptional testimony to a cultural tradition or to a civilization which is living or which has disappeared;
    ●to be an outstanding example of a type of building, architectural or technological ensemble or landscape which illustrates (a) significant stage(s) in human history;
    ●to be an outstanding example of a traditional human settlement, land-use, or sea-use which is representative of a culture (or cultures), or human interaction with the environment especially when it has become vulnerable under the impact of irreversible change;
    ●to be directly or tangibly associated with events or living traditions, with ideas, or with beliefs, with artistic and literary works of outstanding universal significance. (The Committee considers that this criterion should preferably be used in conjunction with other criteria);
    ●to contain superlative natural phenomena or areas of exceptional natural beauty and aesthetic importance;
    ●to be outstanding examples representing major stages of earth's history, including the record of life, significant on-going geological processes in the development of landforms, or significant geomorphic or physiographic features;
    ●to be outstanding examples representing significant on-going ecological and biological processes in the evolution and development of terrestrial, fresh water, coastal and marine ecosystems and communities of plants and animals;
    ●to contain the most important and significant natural habitats for in-situ conservation of biological diversity, including those containing threatened species of outstanding universal value from the point of view of science or conservation.

    Unattempted
    

    World heritage criteria
    To be included on the World Heritage List, sites must be of outstanding universal value and meet at least one out of ten selection criteria.
    Until the end of 2004, World Heritage sites were selected on the basis of six cultural and four natural criteria. With the adoption of the revised Operational Guidelines for the Implementation of the World Heritage Convention, only one set of ten criteria exists.
    For a property to be included on the World Heritage List, the World Heritage Committee must find that it meets one or more of the following criteria:
    ●to represent a masterpiece of human creative genius;
    ●to exhibit an important interchange of human values, over a span of time or within a cultural area of the world, on developments in architecture or technology, monumental arts, town-planning or landscape design;
    ●to bear a unique or at least exceptional testimony to a cultural tradition or to a civilization which is living or which has disappeared;
    ●to be an outstanding example of a type of building, architectural or technological ensemble or landscape which illustrates (a) significant stage(s) in human history;
    ●to be an outstanding example of a traditional human settlement, land-use, or sea-use which is representative of a culture (or cultures), or human interaction with the environment especially when it has become vulnerable under the impact of irreversible change;
    ●to be directly or tangibly associated with events or living traditions, with ideas, or with beliefs, with artistic and literary works of outstanding universal significance. (The Committee considers that this criterion should preferably be used in conjunction with other criteria);
    ●to contain superlative natural phenomena or areas of exceptional natural beauty and aesthetic importance;
    ●to be outstanding examples representing major stages of earth's history, including the record of life, significant on-going geological processes in the development of landforms, or significant geomorphic or physiographic features;
    ●to be outstanding examples representing significant on-going ecological and biological processes in the evolution and development of terrestrial, fresh water, coastal and marine ecosystems and communities of plants and animals;
    ●to contain the most important and significant natural habitats for in-situ conservation of biological diversity, including those containing threatened species of outstanding universal value from the point of view of science or conservation.
40. Question 40 of 100

    40. Question

    Consider the following statements:
    (1) Group of Monuments at Mahabalipuram includes Pancha Ratha, Shore Temple, Arjuna’s Penance or Descent of the Ganges, Caves Temples and is situated in Tamil Nadu.
    (2) Group of Monuments at Pattadakal situated in Karnataka includes Nine Hindu temples and one jain temple which includes Virupaksha temple, Papanatha temple, etc.
    (3) Khajuraho group of Monuments is a Group of Hindu and Jain temples which include Kandariya Mahadeva.
    Select the option with correct statement
    (A) 1, 2
    (B) 2, 3
    (C) 1, 2 and 3.
    (D) None of the above

    • A
    • B
    • C
    • D
    Correct
    

    Incorrect
    

    Statement 1 is correct, as Group of Monuments at Mahabalipuram includes Pancha Ratha, Shore Temple, Arjuna’s Penance or Descent of the Ganges, Caves Temples and it is situated in Tamil Nadu.
    Statement 2 is correct and Group of Monuments at Pattadakal situated in Karnataka includes Nine Hindu temples and one jain temple which includes Virupaksha temple, Papanatha temple, etc.
    Statement three is correct as Khajuraho group of Monuments is a Group of Hindu and Jain temples which include Kandariya Mahadeva.

    Unattempted
    

    Statement 1 is correct, as Group of Monuments at Mahabalipuram includes Pancha Ratha, Shore Temple, Arjuna’s Penance or Descent of the Ganges, Caves Temples and it is situated in Tamil Nadu.
    Statement 2 is correct and Group of Monuments at Pattadakal situated in Karnataka includes Nine Hindu temples and one jain temple which includes Virupaksha temple, Papanatha temple, etc.
    Statement three is correct as Khajuraho group of Monuments is a Group of Hindu and Jain temples which include Kandariya Mahadeva.
41. Question 41 of 100

    41. Question

    What are the Benefits of the World Heritage Site Status
    (1) Brings international attention to the need for preservation and conservation of the site.
    (2) Brings tourism to the site ensuring economic benefits.
    (3) UNESCO can provide funds for restoration, preservation, and training, if required.
    Select the correct statement
    (A) 1, 2
    (B) 2, 3
    (C) 1,3
    (D) 1, 2 and 3.

    • A
    • B
    • C
    • D
    Correct
    

    Incorrect
    

    Benefits of the World Heritage Site Status
    •Brings international attention to the need for preservation and conservation of the site.
    •Brings tourism to the site ensuring economic benefits.
    •UNESCO can provide funds for restoration, preservation, and training, if required.
    •Promotes close ties with the United Nations system and the prestige and support it provides.
    •Enables access to global project management resources.
    •Facilitates creating partnerships between government, the private sector, and NGOs to achieve conservation goals.
    •Site becomes protected under the Geneva Convention against destruction or misuse during wartime.

    Unattempted
    

    Benefits of the World Heritage Site Status
    •Brings international attention to the need for preservation and conservation of the site.
    •Brings tourism to the site ensuring economic benefits.
    •UNESCO can provide funds for restoration, preservation, and training, if required.
    •Promotes close ties with the United Nations system and the prestige and support it provides.
    •Enables access to global project management resources.
    •Facilitates creating partnerships between government, the private sector, and NGOs to achieve conservation goals.
    •Site becomes protected under the Geneva Convention against destruction or misuse during wartime.
42. Question 42 of 100

    42. Question

    With references to Cultural Institutions of India :
    (1) The Archaeological Survey of India (ASI) was founded by Alexander Cunningham in the year 1861
    (2) All India Radio’s slogan is 'Bahujan Hitaya: Bahujan Sukhaya.
    (3) The Government of India established the Sangeet Natak Akademi (SNA) in 1952 as the first national academy for the arts
    Which of the statements given above are correct ?
    (A) 1,2
    (B) 2,3
    (C) 1,3
    (D) All of the above

    • A
    • B
    • C
    • D
    Correct
    

    Incorrect
    

    The Archaeological Survey of India is an Indian government agency attached to the Ministry of Culture that is responsible for archaeological research and the conservation and preservation of cultural historical monuments in the country.
    All India Radio’s slogan is 'Bahujan Hitaya: Bahujan Sukhaya,' which translates to ‘serving, educating, and entertaining the public.'
    The Government of India established the Sangeet Natak Akademi (SNA) in 1952 as the first national academy for the arts. Its main goal was to establish a setting for Indian music, theatre, and dances. It also had the difficult duty of promoting India's vast intangible legacy, which was manifested in the forms of music, dance, and theatre.

    Unattempted
    

    The Archaeological Survey of India is an Indian government agency attached to the Ministry of Culture that is responsible for archaeological research and the conservation and preservation of cultural historical monuments in the country.
    All India Radio’s slogan is 'Bahujan Hitaya: Bahujan Sukhaya,' which translates to ‘serving, educating, and entertaining the public.'
    The Government of India established the Sangeet Natak Akademi (SNA) in 1952 as the first national academy for the arts. Its main goal was to establish a setting for Indian music, theatre, and dances. It also had the difficult duty of promoting India's vast intangible legacy, which was manifested in the forms of music, dance, and theatre.
43. Question 43 of 100

    43. Question

    Consider the following statements:
    (1) The Harappan technology was able to make distinctive objects which include seals, beads, weights, stone blades and even baked bricks.
    (2) These objects were found from areas as far apart as Afghanistan, Jammu, Baluchistan (Pakistan) and Gujarat
    Choose the correct statements
    (A) 1 only
    (B) 2 only
    (C) Both 1 and 2
    (D) Neither 1 nor 2

    • A
    • B
    • C
    • D
    Correct
    

    Incorrect
    

    The Indus valley civilisation is also called the Harappan culture. Archaeologists use the term “culture” for a group of objects, distinctive in style, that are usually found together within a specific geographical area and period of time. In the case of the Harappan culture, these distinctive objects include seals, beads, weights, stone blades and even baked bricks. These objects were found from areas as far apart as Afghanistan, Jammu, Baluchistan (Pakistan) and Gujarat.
    Named after Harappa, the first site where this unique culture was discovered, the civilisation is dated between c. 2600 and 1900 BCE. There were earlier and later cultures, often called Early Harappan and Late Harappan, in the same area. The Harappan civilisation is sometimes called the Mature Harappan culture to distinguish it from these cultures.

    Unattempted
    

    The Indus valley civilisation is also called the Harappan culture. Archaeologists use the term “culture” for a group of objects, distinctive in style, that are usually found together within a specific geographical area and period of time. In the case of the Harappan culture, these distinctive objects include seals, beads, weights, stone blades and even baked bricks. These objects were found from areas as far apart as Afghanistan, Jammu, Baluchistan (Pakistan) and Gujarat.
    Named after Harappa, the first site where this unique culture was discovered, the civilisation is dated between c. 2600 and 1900 BCE. There were earlier and later cultures, often called Early Harappan and Late Harappan, in the same area. The Harappan civilisation is sometimes called the Mature Harappan culture to distinguish it from these cultures.
44. Question 44 of 100

    44. Question

    Consider the following statements and choose the correct statements
    (1) The mathematics and astronomy originated in Vedic period itself.
    (2) Brahmagupta, a great mathematics, wrote the book ‘Aryabhatiya’ in Kusumpura (Pataliputra) at the age of 23 years.
    (3) Aryabhatta was also a famous mathematician. He wrote ‘Brahmsiddhanta’ in A.D. 628.
    Select the correct option
    (A) 1, 2
    (B) 1,2,3
    (C) 1 only
    (D) 3 only

    • A
    • B
    • C
    • D
    Correct
    

    Incorrect
    

    India had much advanced knowledge in the fields of mathematics, astronomy, and medicine during this period in comparison to any other country in the world. Arabs borrowed Indian knowledge of science and technology then it was taken by the western world from them.
    The mathematics and astronomy originated in Vedic period itself.
    Aryabhata, a great mathematics, wrote the book ‘Aryabhatiya’ in Kusumpura (Pataliputra) at the age of 23 years.
    Brahmagupta was also a famous mathematician. He wrote ‘Brahmsiddhanta’ in A.D. 628. He developed rules for operating with negative qualities and with zero. He began to apply Algebra to astronomical problems.

    Unattempted
    

    India had much advanced knowledge in the fields of mathematics, astronomy, and medicine during this period in comparison to any other country in the world. Arabs borrowed Indian knowledge of science and technology then it was taken by the western world from them.
    The mathematics and astronomy originated in Vedic period itself.
    Aryabhata, a great mathematics, wrote the book ‘Aryabhatiya’ in Kusumpura (Pataliputra) at the age of 23 years.
    Brahmagupta was also a famous mathematician. He wrote ‘Brahmsiddhanta’ in A.D. 628. He developed rules for operating with negative qualities and with zero. He began to apply Algebra to astronomical problems.
45. Question 45 of 100

    45. Question

    Consider the following statements and choose the Incorrect statements
    (1) Vedic literature, particularly, Atharvanaveda consisted of more than seven hundred hymns on the topics related to Ayurveda.
    (2) Pashupashivia is a guide book that describes (elaborately) the ‘animal diseases’ particularly about elephants.
    (3) Asvasastra was written by sage Jyotisa. It is a treatise on the horse.
    Options
    (A) 1 only
    (B) 2, 3
    (C) 1, 2
    (D) 2 only

    • A
    • B
    • C
    • D
    Correct
    

    Incorrect
    

    Ayurveda, literally means ‘science of longevity.’ This is the name of Indian medical sciences. It originated during the Vedic period. Vedic literature, particularly, Atharvanaveda consisted of more than seven hundred hymns on the topics related to Ayurveda.
    Hastayurveda is a guide book that describes (elaborately) the ‘animal diseases’ particularly about elephants.
    Asvasastra was written by sage Salihotra. It is a treatise on the horse.
    Jyotisa was an ancient term used for astronomy and astrology. Varahamihira wrote ‘Panchasiddhantika in A.D. 505. He was á popular person in the court of Chandragupta II.

    Unattempted
    

    Ayurveda, literally means ‘science of longevity.’ This is the name of Indian medical sciences. It originated during the Vedic period. Vedic literature, particularly, Atharvanaveda consisted of more than seven hundred hymns on the topics related to Ayurveda.
    Hastayurveda is a guide book that describes (elaborately) the ‘animal diseases’ particularly about elephants.
    Asvasastra was written by sage Salihotra. It is a treatise on the horse.
    Jyotisa was an ancient term used for astronomy and astrology. Varahamihira wrote ‘Panchasiddhantika in A.D. 505. He was á popular person in the court of Chandragupta II.
46. Question 46 of 100

    46. Question

    Match the following pair
    (1) Algebra -A. Jyotisa
    (2) Geometry -B. Rekha Ganita
    (3) Astronomy -C. Khagolshastrh
    (4) Astrology-D. Bija ganita
    Choose the correct pair
    (A) 1-B, 2-C, 3-D, 4-A
    (B) 1-D, 2-B, 3-C,4-A
    (C) 1-C, 2- A, 3-D, 4- B
    (D) 1-A, 2-B, 3-C, 4-D

    • A
    • B
    • C
    • D
    Correct
    

    Incorrect
    

    MATHEMATICS! Also called Ganita by the general name, it includes: Arithmetic (Pattin Ganita/Anka Ganita)
    Algebra (Bija ganita)
    Geometry (Rekha Ganita)
    Astronomy (Khagolshastra)
    Astrology (Jyotisa).

    Unattempted
    

    MATHEMATICS! Also called Ganita by the general name, it includes: Arithmetic (Pattin Ganita/Anka Ganita)
    Algebra (Bija ganita)
    Geometry (Rekha Ganita)
    Astronomy (Khagolshastra)
    Astrology (Jyotisa).
47. Question 47 of 100

    47. Question

    Consider the following statements
    (1) The technique of algebra and the concept of zero originated in India.
    (2) The use of geometric patterns can also be found in the temples in the form of geometrical motifs.
    Choose the option consisting correct statements
    (A) 1 only
    (B) 2 only
    (C) Both 1 and 2
    (D) Neither 1 nor 2

    • A
    • B
    • C
    • D
    Correct
    

    Incorrect
    

    In between 1000 were BC authorised and 1000 by AD, Indian a number mathematicians of treatise who on relate to the above mentioned areas. The technique of algebra and the concept of zero originated in India.
    The town planning of Harappa indicates that the people in those times had a good knowledge of measurement and geometry. The use of geometric patterns can also be found in the temples in the form of geometrical motifs.

    Unattempted
    

    In between 1000 were BC authorised and 1000 by AD, Indian a number mathematicians of treatise who on relate to the above mentioned areas. The technique of algebra and the concept of zero originated in India.
    The town planning of Harappa indicates that the people in those times had a good knowledge of measurement and geometry. The use of geometric patterns can also be found in the temples in the form of geometrical motifs.
48. Question 48 of 100

    48. Question

    Bhaskaracharya was one of the leading mathematicians in the 12 th century AD. His book Siddhanta Shiromani is divided into four sections, which of the following consist the part of this 4 sections?
    (1) Lilavati (dealing with Arithmetic)
    (2) Beejganita (dealing with Algebra)
    (3) Goladhyaya (about spheres)
    (4) Grahaganita (mathematics of planets.)
    Select the correct statement
    (A) Only 1 statement is correct
    (B) Only 2 statements are correct
    (C) Only 3 statements are correct
    (D) All of the statements are correct

    • A
    • B
    • C
    • D
    Correct
    

    Incorrect
    

    His book Siddhanta Shiromani is divided into four sections
    Lilavati (dealing with Arithmetic)
    Beejganita (dealing with Algebra)
    Goladhyaya (about spheres)
    Grahaganita (mathematics of planets.)

    Unattempted
    

    His book Siddhanta Shiromani is divided into four sections
    Lilavati (dealing with Arithmetic)
    Beejganita (dealing with Algebra)
    Goladhyaya (about spheres)
    Grahaganita (mathematics of planets.)
49. Question 49 of 100

    49. Question

    Consider the following personalities of medieval India and their work
    (1) Gulbadan Begum first started to begin writing the Humayun Nama.
    (2) Babur’s memoirs in Persian is known as Babur Nama
    (3) Aurangzeb composes Akbar Nama
    (4) Jahangir’s wife writes his memoirs, the Jahangir Nama
    Chose the option with correct statements
    (A) 1 only
    (B) 1 and2
    (C) 2 and 3
    (D) 1,2 and 3

    • A
    • B
    • C
    • D
    Correct
    

    Incorrect
    

    (1) Gulbadan Begum begins to write the Humayun Nama.
    (2) Babur’s memoirs translated into Persian as Babur Nama.
    (3) Abu’l Fazl works on the Akbar Nama
    (4) Jahangir writes his memoirs, the Jahangir Nama

    Unattempted
    

    (1) Gulbadan Begum begins to write the Humayun Nama.
    (2) Babur’s memoirs translated into Persian as Babur Nama.
    (3) Abu’l Fazl works on the Akbar Nama
    (4) Jahangir writes his memoirs, the Jahangir Nama
50. Question 50 of 100

    50. Question

    Consider the following statements
    (1) Chanaknis widely known as Kautilya or Vishnugupta.
    (2) His two great works includes “Arthrasastra” and “Chanakya Niti”.
    (3) He discontinued to be the chief advisor of Bindusara, son of Chandra Gupta Maurya.
    Select the correct statements
    (A) 1 and 2
    (B) 2 and 3
    (C) 1,2 and 4
    (D) None of the above

    • A
    • B
    • C
    • D
    Correct
    

    Incorrect
    

    Chanakya – The king maker
    Chanakya (4 th Century BC) is one of the most remembered and awesome personalities of the ancient India. He was a teacher, philosopher, economist, jurist and a royal advisor. He is widely known as Kautilya or Vishnugupta. His two great works “Arthrasastra” and “Chanakya Niti” are widely famous. He was a mighty king maker who single handedly moulded a street lad into a great emperor through sheer brain. Chandra Gupta Maurya proved to be a great emperor and nation builder under the guidance of Chanakya. He continued to be the chief advisor of Bindusara, son of Chandra Gupta Maurya. Many stories are heard about Chanakya.

    Unattempted
    

    Chanakya – The king maker
    Chanakya (4 th Century BC) is one of the most remembered and awesome personalities of the ancient India. He was a teacher, philosopher, economist, jurist and a royal advisor. He is widely known as Kautilya or Vishnugupta. His two great works “Arthrasastra” and “Chanakya Niti” are widely famous. He was a mighty king maker who single handedly moulded a street lad into a great emperor through sheer brain. Chandra Gupta Maurya proved to be a great emperor and nation builder under the guidance of Chanakya. He continued to be the chief advisor of Bindusara, son of Chandra Gupta Maurya. Many stories are heard about Chanakya.
51. Question 51 of 100

    51. Question

    consider the following statements about Kalidasa
    (1) Kalidasa is know as the master of Romantic Plays in Indian history.
    (2) He belonged to the Gupta period.
    (3) He had written three plays i.e. Malavikagnimitra, Abhigyanashakuntalam and Vikramorvasiyam.
    Chose the correct statements
    (A) 1 only
    (B) 2 only
    (C) 1 and 3
    (D) 1, 2 and 3

    • A
    • B
    • C
    • D
    Correct
    

    Incorrect
    

    Kalidasa – The master of Romantic Plays
    Mahakavi Kalidasa is a great Indian poet of the 5 th Century AD. He is one of the greatest Sanskrit poets in the world. He belonged to the Gupta period. He was born in a Brahmin family and he was illiterate and ignorant in his early age. By some tricks he was married to a princess. After marriage he was discovered as a fool and he left the house in search of wisdom. By god’s grace, he became a scholar and a poet. His literary works are all masterpieces. He had written three plays i.e. Malavikagnimitra, Abhigyanashakuntalam and Vikramorvasiyam. These three plays became so famous that it made Kalidasa one of the legendary poets. He has also written some epic poems i.e. Raghuvamsa and Kumarasambhava. Some of the minor poems of Kalidasa are Ritusamhara and Meghaduta.

    Unattempted
    

    Kalidasa – The master of Romantic Plays
    Mahakavi Kalidasa is a great Indian poet of the 5 th Century AD. He is one of the greatest Sanskrit poets in the world. He belonged to the Gupta period. He was born in a Brahmin family and he was illiterate and ignorant in his early age. By some tricks he was married to a princess. After marriage he was discovered as a fool and he left the house in search of wisdom. By god’s grace, he became a scholar and a poet. His literary works are all masterpieces. He had written three plays i.e. Malavikagnimitra, Abhigyanashakuntalam and Vikramorvasiyam. These three plays became so famous that it made Kalidasa one of the legendary poets. He has also written some epic poems i.e. Raghuvamsa and Kumarasambhava. Some of the minor poems of Kalidasa are Ritusamhara and Meghaduta.
52. Question 52 of 100

    52. Question

    Consider the following statement
    (1) Article 343 (1) of the Constitution of India states that “The Official Language of the Union Government shall be Hindi in Devanagari script.”
    (2) Unless Parliament decided otherwise, the use of English for official purposes was to cease 10 years after the Constitution came into effect”, i.e. on 26 January 1965.
    Select the option with correct statements
    (A) 1 only
    (B) 2 only
    (C) Both 1 and 2
    (D) Neither 1 nor 2

    • A
    • B
    • C
    • D
    Correct
    

    Incorrect
    

    Article 343 (1) of the Constitution of India states that “The Official Language of the Union Government shall be Hindi in Devanagari script.” “Unless Parliament decided otherwise, the use of English for official purposes was to cease 15 years after the Constitution came into effect”, i.e. on 26 January 1965. It means over a period of fifteen years since the commencement of the Indian Constitution, Hindi will replace English as the official language. However, Parliament can decide whether to use English as the official language or not.
    This led to protests across the nation by the non-Hindi speaking communities against the change in official language from English to Hindi.
    The protest resulted in the enactment of the Official Language Act, 1963. This Act declares Hindi in Devanagari script as the official language of the Union. English has been given the status of “subsidiary official language” of the union.

    Unattempted
    

    Article 343 (1) of the Constitution of India states that “The Official Language of the Union Government shall be Hindi in Devanagari script.” “Unless Parliament decided otherwise, the use of English for official purposes was to cease 15 years after the Constitution came into effect”, i.e. on 26 January 1965. It means over a period of fifteen years since the commencement of the Indian Constitution, Hindi will replace English as the official language. However, Parliament can decide whether to use English as the official language or not.
    This led to protests across the nation by the non-Hindi speaking communities against the change in official language from English to Hindi.
    The protest resulted in the enactment of the Official Language Act, 1963. This Act declares Hindi in Devanagari script as the official language of the Union. English has been given the status of “subsidiary official language” of the union.
53. Question 53 of 100

    53. Question

    Which of the following are the criteria for selection of a classical language:
    (1) High antiquity of its early texts/recorded history over a period of 1500–2000 years;
    (2) A body of ancient literature/texts, which is considered a valuable heritage by generations of speakers;
    (3) The literary tradition be original and not borrowed from another speech community;
    Choose the correct option
    (A) 1 and 2
    (B) 2 and 3
    (C) 1 and 3
    (D) 1, 2 and 3

    • A
    • B
    • C
    • D
    Correct
    

    Incorrect
    

    The following criteria were laid down to determine the eligibility of languages to be considered for classification as a “Classical Language”. High antiquity of its early texts/recorded history over a period of 1500–2000 years;
    A body of ancient literature/texts, which is considered a valuable heritage by generations of speakers; The literary tradition be original and not borrowed from another speech community;
    The classical language and literature being distinct from modern, there may also be a discontinuity between the classical language and its later forms or its offshoots.
    Languages so far declared to be Classical language are:
    •Tamil in the year 2004
    •Telugu in the year 2008
    •Malayalam in the year 2013
    •Sanskrit in the year 2005
    •Kannada in the year 2008
    •Odia in the year 2014
    The Government has been criticised for not including Pali as a classical language as experts argue that it fits all the above mentioned criteria.

    Unattempted
    

    The following criteria were laid down to determine the eligibility of languages to be considered for classification as a “Classical Language”. High antiquity of its early texts/recorded history over a period of 1500–2000 years;
    A body of ancient literature/texts, which is considered a valuable heritage by generations of speakers; The literary tradition be original and not borrowed from another speech community;
    The classical language and literature being distinct from modern, there may also be a discontinuity between the classical language and its later forms or its offshoots.
    Languages so far declared to be Classical language are:
    •Tamil in the year 2004
    •Telugu in the year 2008
    •Malayalam in the year 2013
    •Sanskrit in the year 2005
    •Kannada in the year 2008
    •Odia in the year 2014
    The Government has been criticised for not including Pali as a classical language as experts argue that it fits all the above mentioned criteria.
54. Question 54 of 100

    54. Question

    Consider the following statements and choose the Incorrect statements.
    (1) A lingua franca is a bridge language or common language is a language or dialect systematically used to make communication possible between persons not sharing a native language or dialect.
    (2) National Translation Mission (NTM) is a Government of India scheme to facilitate higher education by making knowledge texts accessible to students and academies in Indian languages.
    (3) The National education policy 2020 aims to increase the vernacular learning in the country.
    Choose the option with incorrect statements
    (A) 1 only
    (B) 2 only
    (C) 3 only
    (D) None of the above

    • A
    • B
    • C
    • D
    Correct
    

    Incorrect
    

    A lingua franca, also known as a bridge language, common language, trade language or vehicular language, is a language or dialect systematically used to make communication possible between persons not sharing a native language or dialect, in particular when it is a third language, distinct from both native languages. National Translation Mission (NTM) is a Government of India scheme to facilitate higher education by making knowledge texts accessible to students and academies in Indian languages.
    NEP, 2020 aims to bridge gap in primary education by promoting vernacular medium education.

    Unattempted
    

    A lingua franca, also known as a bridge language, common language, trade language or vehicular language, is a language or dialect systematically used to make communication possible between persons not sharing a native language or dialect, in particular when it is a third language, distinct from both native languages. National Translation Mission (NTM) is a Government of India scheme to facilitate higher education by making knowledge texts accessible to students and academies in Indian languages.
    NEP, 2020 aims to bridge gap in primary education by promoting vernacular medium education.
55. Question 55 of 100

    55. Question

    Consider the following fairs and festivals in India
    (1) Teej is celebrated for the women of the household who apply mehendi or henna on their hands and wear new clothes.
    (2) It is mostly celebrated in Rajasthan, Bihar and Uttar Pradesh.
    (3) There are Three types of Teej i.e Choti Teej, Kajari Teej and Badi Teej.
    Select the option with correct statements
    (A) 1 only
    (B) 1, 2
    (C) 2,3
    (D) 1, 2 and 3

    • A
    • B
    • C
    • D
    Correct
    

    Incorrect
    

    It is one of the most colorful festivals celebrated in Northern India. It falls on the third day of the month of Shravan (July/August). It is celebrated for the women of the household who apply mehendi or henna on their hands and wear new clothes. It is celebrated in Rajasthan, Bihar and Uttar Pradesh. Three types of Teej i.e Haryali Teej, Kajari Teej and Hartalika Teej.

    Unattempted
    

    It is one of the most colorful festivals celebrated in Northern India. It falls on the third day of the month of Shravan (July/August). It is celebrated for the women of the household who apply mehendi or henna on their hands and wear new clothes. It is celebrated in Rajasthan, Bihar and Uttar Pradesh. Three types of Teej i.e Haryali Teej, Kajari Teej and Hartalika Teej.
56. Question 56 of 100

    56. Question

    Consider the following statements
    (1) Sair-e-Gulfarosha-The festival is also known as Phool Walon Ki Sair and is the annual festival of flowers conducted in Old Delhi.
    (2) Tyagaraja Aradhan-It is held annually to commemorate the ‘Samadhi’ day of the famous Tamil saint and composer Tyagaraja.
    (3) Onam-It is the state festival of Tamil Nadu
    (4) Pongal-It is a harvest festival celebrated by Konkans around the world.
    Select the correct statements
    (A) Only 1 statement is correct
    (B) Only 2 statements are correct
    (C) Only 3 Statements are correct
    (D) All of the above statements are correct

    • A
    • B
    • C
    • D
    Correct
    

    Incorrect
    

    Sair-e-Gulfaroshan
    The festival is also known as Phool Walon Ki Sair and is the annual festival of flowers conducted in Old Delhi. It is a symbol of communal harmony that the procession of pankhas or palm leaf fans which are heavily decorated with flowers are taken from the tomb of Khwaja Bakhtiyar Kaki in Mehrauli to the Jog Maya Temple. The festival owes its origin to Queen Mumtaz Mahal who was the wife of Mughal emperor Akbarshah II (19 th century). It was banned by the British but reinstated in 1962.
    Tyagaraja Aradhana
    It is held annually to commemorate the ‘Samadhi’ day of the famous Tamil saint and composer Tyagaraja. It is held in the month of January near Thanjavur on the banks of the river Kaveri The festival is attended by leading exponents of Carnatic music who come to pay their tribute to the saint. Saint Tyagaraja along with Muthuswami Dikshitar and Shyama Sastri, comprise the Trinity of Carnatic music. It is eagerly awaited by thousands of Carnatic music lovers who come to watch the performances.
    Onam
    Onam, the state festival of Kerala falls in the beginning of the month of Chigam, the first month of the Malayalam calendar. It is mainly a harvest festival but it also celebrates the homecoming of mighty asura King Mahabali from Patala (the Underground). Elaborate feasts, dances, flowers, boats and elephants are a part of the colourful and vibrant festival of Onam. A prominent feature of Onam is the Vallamkali (the Snake Boat race). The most popular Vallamkali is held in the Punnamada Lake and the winners are awarded the Nehru Boat Race Trophy. Traditional games, known as Onakanikal also form a part of the Onam celebrations.
    Pongal
    Pongal is a harvest festival celebrated by Tamils around the world. It is celebrated from 13-16 January and marks the beginning of Uttarayan i.e. six month northward journey of the Sun. The word ‘Pongal’ means ‘to boil’ in Tamil and the boiling of the first rice is an important ritual obeyed during the festival. It is held in the month of ‘Thai’, a time when various crops like rice, sugarcane, turmeric etc are harvested. It is an occasion for giving thanks to nature and celebrating the life cycles that give us grain.

    Unattempted
    

    Sair-e-Gulfaroshan
    The festival is also known as Phool Walon Ki Sair and is the annual festival of flowers conducted in Old Delhi. It is a symbol of communal harmony that the procession of pankhas or palm leaf fans which are heavily decorated with flowers are taken from the tomb of Khwaja Bakhtiyar Kaki in Mehrauli to the Jog Maya Temple. The festival owes its origin to Queen Mumtaz Mahal who was the wife of Mughal emperor Akbarshah II (19 th century). It was banned by the British but reinstated in 1962.
    Tyagaraja Aradhana
    It is held annually to commemorate the ‘Samadhi’ day of the famous Tamil saint and composer Tyagaraja. It is held in the month of January near Thanjavur on the banks of the river Kaveri The festival is attended by leading exponents of Carnatic music who come to pay their tribute to the saint. Saint Tyagaraja along with Muthuswami Dikshitar and Shyama Sastri, comprise the Trinity of Carnatic music. It is eagerly awaited by thousands of Carnatic music lovers who come to watch the performances.
    Onam
    Onam, the state festival of Kerala falls in the beginning of the month of Chigam, the first month of the Malayalam calendar. It is mainly a harvest festival but it also celebrates the homecoming of mighty asura King Mahabali from Patala (the Underground). Elaborate feasts, dances, flowers, boats and elephants are a part of the colourful and vibrant festival of Onam. A prominent feature of Onam is the Vallamkali (the Snake Boat race). The most popular Vallamkali is held in the Punnamada Lake and the winners are awarded the Nehru Boat Race Trophy. Traditional games, known as Onakanikal also form a part of the Onam celebrations.
    Pongal
    Pongal is a harvest festival celebrated by Tamils around the world. It is celebrated from 13-16 January and marks the beginning of Uttarayan i.e. six month northward journey of the Sun. The word ‘Pongal’ means ‘to boil’ in Tamil and the boiling of the first rice is an important ritual obeyed during the festival. It is held in the month of ‘Thai’, a time when various crops like rice, sugarcane, turmeric etc are harvested. It is an occasion for giving thanks to nature and celebrating the life cycles that give us grain.
57. Question 57 of 100

    57. Question

    With reference to history of India, consider the following texts:
    (1) Charaka Samhita
    (2) Ashtadhyayi
    (3) Milind Panho
    What is the correct chronological sequence of the composition of the above texts?
    (A) 1-2-3
    (B) 3-2-1
    (C) 2-3-1
    (D) 1-3-2

    • A
    • B
    • C
    • D
    Correct
    

    Incorrect
    

    Ashtadhyayi, a Sanskrit treatise on grammar was written in the 6th to 5th century BCE by the Indian grammarian Panini. This work set the linguistic standards for Classical Sanskrit. It sums up in 4,000 sutras the science of phonetics and grammar that had evolved in the Vedic religion. Panini divided his work into eight chapters, each of which is further divided into quarter chapters.
    Beyond defining the morphology and syntax of Sanskrit language, Ashtadhyayi distinguishes between usage in the spoken language and usage that is proper to the language of the sacred texts.
    The Indo-Greek ruler Menander (165-145 BC) also known as Milinda was converted to Buddhism by Nagasena or Nagarjuna. Menander asked Nagasena many questions relating to Buddhism. These questions and Nagasena‘s answers were recorded in the form of a book known as Milinda Panho (Questions of Milinda).
    Charaka Samhita, a work on Indian medicine and ayurveda in Sanskrit was composed around 100 CE. Charaka divided the treatise into eight parts, or ashtanga sthanas :
    sutra, nidana, vimana, sarira, endriya, chikitsa, kalpa, and siddha; each part contained multiple chapters.
    While Charaka delved into all aspects of medicine, including the logic and philosophy behind the Indian medicinal system, he placed special emphasis on the diagnosis of disease and treated Ayurveda as a comprehensive system of health care that dealt with both preventive and curative aspects. He also dealt elaborately with subjects such as fetal generation and development, anatomy of the human body, and function and malfunction of the body according to the tridosha (the three humours of the body)— vata, pitta, and kapha. He also discussed the classification of various diseases.
    Hence option (C) is correct.

    Unattempted
    

    Ashtadhyayi, a Sanskrit treatise on grammar was written in the 6th to 5th century BCE by the Indian grammarian Panini. This work set the linguistic standards for Classical Sanskrit. It sums up in 4,000 sutras the science of phonetics and grammar that had evolved in the Vedic religion. Panini divided his work into eight chapters, each of which is further divided into quarter chapters.
    Beyond defining the morphology and syntax of Sanskrit language, Ashtadhyayi distinguishes between usage in the spoken language and usage that is proper to the language of the sacred texts.
    The Indo-Greek ruler Menander (165-145 BC) also known as Milinda was converted to Buddhism by Nagasena or Nagarjuna. Menander asked Nagasena many questions relating to Buddhism. These questions and Nagasena‘s answers were recorded in the form of a book known as Milinda Panho (Questions of Milinda).
    Charaka Samhita, a work on Indian medicine and ayurveda in Sanskrit was composed around 100 CE. Charaka divided the treatise into eight parts, or ashtanga sthanas :
    sutra, nidana, vimana, sarira, endriya, chikitsa, kalpa, and siddha; each part contained multiple chapters.
    While Charaka delved into all aspects of medicine, including the logic and philosophy behind the Indian medicinal system, he placed special emphasis on the diagnosis of disease and treated Ayurveda as a comprehensive system of health care that dealt with both preventive and curative aspects. He also dealt elaborately with subjects such as fetal generation and development, anatomy of the human body, and function and malfunction of the body according to the tridosha (the three humours of the body)— vata, pitta, and kapha. He also discussed the classification of various diseases.
    Hence option (C) is correct.
58. Question 58 of 100

    58. Question

    As per the accounts of Megasthenes on Indian Society during Mauryan age,
    which of the following statements is/are correct?
    (1) The division of society was on the basis of the occupation pursued by the people.
    (2) Although the code of punishment was severe but the incidences of thefts and robbery were common.
    (3) Slavery and polygamy were absent.
    Select the correct answer using the codes given below:
    (A) 1 and 2 only
    (B) 3 only
    (C) 1 only
    (D) 2 and 3 only

    • A
    • B
    • C
    • D
    Correct
    

    Incorrect
    

    As per Megasthenes account on Mauryan society:
    (1) Indian society was divided into seven classes comprising of philosophers, agriculturists, soldiers, artisans, shepherds and hunters, officials in government and spies.
    This division of society was based on the occupation pursued by the people. Thus, statement 1 is correct.
    (2) People generally were honest, the incidences of thefts and robbery were rare. The code of punishment was severe. Thus, statement 2 is incorrect.
    (3) Megasthenes says that slavery was absent but he talks about growing practise of polygamy, employment of women as bodyguards to king, spies, etc. Thus, statement 3 is incorrect.

    Unattempted
    

    As per Megasthenes account on Mauryan society:
    (1) Indian society was divided into seven classes comprising of philosophers, agriculturists, soldiers, artisans, shepherds and hunters, officials in government and spies.
    This division of society was based on the occupation pursued by the people. Thus, statement 1 is correct.
    (2) People generally were honest, the incidences of thefts and robbery were rare. The code of punishment was severe. Thus, statement 2 is incorrect.
    (3) Megasthenes says that slavery was absent but he talks about growing practise of polygamy, employment of women as bodyguards to king, spies, etc. Thus, statement 3 is incorrect.
59. Question 59 of 100

    59. Question

    Which of the following statement is/are correct regarding the artform ‘Thoda’?
    (1) It is a martial art from Bihar.
    (2) The equipment required for this game are bows and arrows.
    (3) The art represents themes from war incidents of Mahabharata in between Kaurava and Pandava.
    Select the correct answer using the code given below:
    (A) 1 and 2 only
    (B) 2 and 3 only
    (C) 3 only
    (D) 1, 2 and 3

    • A
    • B
    • C
    • D
    Correct
    

    Incorrect
    

    Statement 1 is incorrect. Thoda is the impressive martial art form of Himachal Pradesh, which relies on archery prowess, dating back to the days of the Mahabharata.
    Statement 2 is correct. The equipment required for this game are bows and arrows. Wooden bows measuring 1.5m to 2m, to suit the height of the archer and wooden arrows in proportion to the length of the bow, are prepared by skilled and traditional artisans.
    Statement 3 is correct. The art represents themes from war incidents of Mahabharata in between Kaurava and Pandava. It is believed that Pashis and Saathis (two teams participating), are descendants of the Pandavas and Kauravas.

    Unattempted
    

    Statement 1 is incorrect. Thoda is the impressive martial art form of Himachal Pradesh, which relies on archery prowess, dating back to the days of the Mahabharata.
    Statement 2 is correct. The equipment required for this game are bows and arrows. Wooden bows measuring 1.5m to 2m, to suit the height of the archer and wooden arrows in proportion to the length of the bow, are prepared by skilled and traditional artisans.
    Statement 3 is correct. The art represents themes from war incidents of Mahabharata in between Kaurava and Pandava. It is believed that Pashis and Saathis (two teams participating), are descendants of the Pandavas and Kauravas.
60. Question 60 of 100

    60. Question

    Great prominence is given in the Rig Veda to two popular assemblies called “Sabha” and “Samiti”, which seem to have formed an essential feature of the government. In this context, which of the statements is/are correct?
    (1) The Sabha, which mainly dealt with policy decisions and political business, included common people.
    (2) The Samiti, less political in character, was a more select body of the elders or nobles.
    Select the correct answer using the code given below.
    (A) 1 only
    (B) 2 only
    (C) Both 1 and 2
    (D) Neither 1 nor 2

    • A
    • B
    • C
    • D
    Correct
    

    Incorrect
    

    According to RigVeda,two popular assemblies called sabha and samiti formed an essential feature of the government.
    Sabha, less political in character, was a more select body of the Elders or Nobles. It was through these two assemblies that the will of the people on important matters of the rashtra was expressed. Hence statement 1 is not correct.
    Samiti mainly dealt with policy decisions and political business and included common people. Hence statement 2 is not correct.

    Unattempted
    

    According to RigVeda,two popular assemblies called sabha and samiti formed an essential feature of the government.
    Sabha, less political in character, was a more select body of the Elders or Nobles. It was through these two assemblies that the will of the people on important matters of the rashtra was expressed. Hence statement 1 is not correct.
    Samiti mainly dealt with policy decisions and political business and included common people. Hence statement 2 is not correct.
61. Question 61 of 100

    61. Question

    Consider the following statements regarding Indus Valley Civilization:
    (1) The Indus Valley people used stone in construction.
    (2) Wool was not known to the people of Indus Valley.
    (3) The Indus Valley pottery consists mainly of hand-made pots.
    Which of the statements given above are not correct?
    (A) 1 and 2 only
    (B) 2 and 3 only
    (C) 1 and 3 only
    (D) 1, 2 and 3

    • A
    • B
    • C
    • D
    Correct
    

    Incorrect
    

    A large quantity of pottery excavated from the sites, enable us to understand the gradual evolution of various design motifs as employed in different shapes, and styles. The Indus Valley pottery consists chiefly of very fine wheel-made wares, very few being hand-made. Plain pottery is more common than painted ware. Hence, statement 3 is not correct.
    o It is evident from the discovery of a large number of spindles and spindle whorls in the houses of the Indus Valley that spinning of cotton and wool was very common. Hence, statement 2 is not correct.
    o Many stone structural remains are also found at Dholavira which show how the Indus Valley people used stone in construction. Hence, statement 1 is correct.

    Unattempted
    

    A large quantity of pottery excavated from the sites, enable us to understand the gradual evolution of various design motifs as employed in different shapes, and styles. The Indus Valley pottery consists chiefly of very fine wheel-made wares, very few being hand-made. Plain pottery is more common than painted ware. Hence, statement 3 is not correct.
    o It is evident from the discovery of a large number of spindles and spindle whorls in the houses of the Indus Valley that spinning of cotton and wool was very common. Hence, statement 2 is not correct.
    o Many stone structural remains are also found at Dholavira which show how the Indus Valley people used stone in construction. Hence, statement 1 is correct.
62. Question 62 of 100

    62. Question

    With reference to the Sramana movements in Ancient Northern India, consider the following statements.
    (1) Purana Kassapa taught that there is no virtue or sin, no merit or demerit, whatever one does.
    (2) Ajita Kesakambali taught a form of materialism, that there is no future life for us let alone repeated rebirth.
    (3) Pakudha Kaccayana held the view that earth, water, fire, air, joy, sorrow, and life are stable and unproductive, independent primordial substances.
    Select the correct answer using the codes below.
    (A) 2 only
    (B) 1 and 2 only
    (C) 1, 2 and 3
    (D) 1 and 3 only

    • A
    • B
    • C
    • D
    Correct
    

    Incorrect
    

    Statement 1: Purana Kassapa taught that there is no virtue or sin, no merit or demerit, whatever one does. There is thus no such thing as moral Makkhali Gosala taught a sort of fatalism. Rebirth occurs again and again through 'destiny, chance, and nature' and nothing we can do will make any difference. We have no control over any of it, and eventually liberation will come when it will come.
    Statement 2: Makkhali Gosala was an important founder of the rival religion of the Ajivikas, which continued for many centuries in Ajita Kesakambali taught what appears to be a form of materialism, that there is no future life for us let alone repeated rebirth. Mankind is formed of earth, water, fire, and air, which return to their elements after death. There is no merit in good deeds (good karman) or demerit in wicked ones.
    Statement 3: Pakudha Kaccayana held the view that earth, water, fire, air, joy, sorrow, and life are stable and unproductive, independent primordial substances. He seems to have drawn the conclusion from this that killing (presumably in terms of moral responsibility) is impossible, since a sword would simply pass between these primordial substances.

    Unattempted
    

    Statement 1: Purana Kassapa taught that there is no virtue or sin, no merit or demerit, whatever one does. There is thus no such thing as moral Makkhali Gosala taught a sort of fatalism. Rebirth occurs again and again through 'destiny, chance, and nature' and nothing we can do will make any difference. We have no control over any of it, and eventually liberation will come when it will come.
    Statement 2: Makkhali Gosala was an important founder of the rival religion of the Ajivikas, which continued for many centuries in Ajita Kesakambali taught what appears to be a form of materialism, that there is no future life for us let alone repeated rebirth. Mankind is formed of earth, water, fire, and air, which return to their elements after death. There is no merit in good deeds (good karman) or demerit in wicked ones.
    Statement 3: Pakudha Kaccayana held the view that earth, water, fire, air, joy, sorrow, and life are stable and unproductive, independent primordial substances. He seems to have drawn the conclusion from this that killing (presumably in terms of moral responsibility) is impossible, since a sword would simply pass between these primordial substances.
63. Question 63 of 100

    63. Question

    Early Sangam texts mention different categories of people. Consider the following matches of these categories with their social status.
    (1) Uzhavar : Zamindars
    (2) Vellalar : Local banker
    (3) Adimai : Slaves
    Select the correct answer using the codes below.
    (A) 1 and 2 only
    (B) 3 only
    (C) 1 and 3 only
    (D) 2 only

    • A
    • B
    • C
    • D
    Correct
    

    Incorrect
    

    There was a growing differentiation amongst people engaged in agriculture were based on differential access to land, labour and some of the new technologies.
    Early Sangam texts mention different categories of people engaged in agriculture were based on differential access to land, labour and some of the new technologies.
    In south India people who were divided into three groups– large landowners or vellalar, ploughmen or uzhavar and slaves or adimai.
    In the country side of Northern India people were divided into three groups – landless agricultural labourers, small peasants, as well as large landholders.
    The term gahapati was often used in Pali texts to designate the second and third categories.

    Unattempted
    

    There was a growing differentiation amongst people engaged in agriculture were based on differential access to land, labour and some of the new technologies.
    Early Sangam texts mention different categories of people engaged in agriculture were based on differential access to land, labour and some of the new technologies.
    In south India people who were divided into three groups– large landowners or vellalar, ploughmen or uzhavar and slaves or adimai.
    In the country side of Northern India people were divided into three groups – landless agricultural labourers, small peasants, as well as large landholders.
    The term gahapati was often used in Pali texts to designate the second and third categories.
64. Question 64 of 100

    64. Question

    In Ancient India, Shrenis were not just economic organisation. In this context consider the following statements:
    (1) It contributed to the development of Buddhist art.
    (2) It helped in improving the social status of Vaishyas.
    (3) It was instrumental in providing the political stability.
    Which of the statements given above is/are correct?
    (A) 1 and 2 only
    (B) 1 and 3 only
    (C) 2 only
    (D) 1, 2 and 3

    • A
    • B
    • C
    • D
    Correct
    

    Incorrect
    

    Statement 1 is correct: Guild worked as banks, and courts, and made religious and charitable donations. Most of the donations were attributed to Buddhism and Jainism, which ultimately contributed to the development of the respective Art.
    Statement 2 is correct: By organizing themselves into guilds, the artisans and traders could negotiate with the state authorities with greater force to make their voice heard and grievances redress. This not only facilitated trade and commerce but also added to the importance of Vaishyas.
    Statement 3 is correct: Improved condition of trade and commerce increased the tax collection by state. The improved tax revenue increased the political stability, as on account of high tax collection state could manage huge army.

    Unattempted
    

    Statement 1 is correct: Guild worked as banks, and courts, and made religious and charitable donations. Most of the donations were attributed to Buddhism and Jainism, which ultimately contributed to the development of the respective Art.
    Statement 2 is correct: By organizing themselves into guilds, the artisans and traders could negotiate with the state authorities with greater force to make their voice heard and grievances redress. This not only facilitated trade and commerce but also added to the importance of Vaishyas.
    Statement 3 is correct: Improved condition of trade and commerce increased the tax collection by state. The improved tax revenue increased the political stability, as on account of high tax collection state could manage huge army.
65. Question 65 of 100

    65. Question

    During the reign(s) of which of the following rulers of the Delhi Sultanate was the city of Delhi attacked by the Mongols?
    (1) Iltutmish
    (2) Muhammad bin Tughlaq
    (3) Alauddin Khalji
    Select the correct answer using the code given below.
    (A) 1, 2 and 3
    (B) 1 and 2 only
    (C) 3 only
    (D) 1 and 3 only

    • A
    • B
    • C
    • D
    Correct
    

    Incorrect
    

    In 1221, during the reign of Iltutmish, the Mongols, under Changez Khan, came up to the Indus in pursuit of the Khwarizmi prince Jalaluddin who had crossed the river into India. Despite remaining there for three months Changez Khan did not cross into India, instead preferring to devote his attention to conquering the remaining portions of the Khwarizmi empire.
    In the early years of Muhammad bin Tughlaq's reign (1324-51), the Mongols under their leader Tarmashrin burst into Sindh, and a force reached up to Meerut, about 65 km from Delhi.
    The first time the Mongols launched a serious campaign to establish their rule over Delhi was in 1299, when a Mongol force under Qutlugh Khwaja entered many streets in the city. In 1303, the Mongols appeared again and the people of Delhi had to face many hardships. On both these occasions the Mongols retreated without achieving anything.
    The ruler of the Delhi Sultanate on both these occasions was Alauddin Khalji.

    Unattempted
    

    In 1221, during the reign of Iltutmish, the Mongols, under Changez Khan, came up to the Indus in pursuit of the Khwarizmi prince Jalaluddin who had crossed the river into India. Despite remaining there for three months Changez Khan did not cross into India, instead preferring to devote his attention to conquering the remaining portions of the Khwarizmi empire.
    In the early years of Muhammad bin Tughlaq's reign (1324-51), the Mongols under their leader Tarmashrin burst into Sindh, and a force reached up to Meerut, about 65 km from Delhi.
    The first time the Mongols launched a serious campaign to establish their rule over Delhi was in 1299, when a Mongol force under Qutlugh Khwaja entered many streets in the city. In 1303, the Mongols appeared again and the people of Delhi had to face many hardships. On both these occasions the Mongols retreated without achieving anything.
    The ruler of the Delhi Sultanate on both these occasions was Alauddin Khalji.
66. Question 66 of 100

    66. Question

    Which of the following statements is/are correct reharding Fa-Hien's account in Gupta empire?
    (1) The administration was strict and punishments were severe.
    (2) There was an efficient spy system.
    (3) People enjoyed a large degree of personal freedom and there was no state interference in the individual‟s life.
    Select the correct answer using the code given below.
    (A) 1, 2 and 3
    (B) 1 and 2 only
    (C) 3 only
    (D) None

    • A
    • B
    • C
    • D
    Correct
    

    Incorrect
    

    Fahien‘s account on the Gupta administration provides useful information. He characterises the Gupta administration as mild and benevolent. There were no restrictions on people‘s movements and they enjoyed a large degree of personal freedom. There was no state interference in the individual’s life. Punishments were not severe.
    o Imposing a fine was a common punishment. There was no spy system.
    o The administration was so efficient that the roads were kept safe for travelers, and there was no fear of thieves. He mentioned that people were generally prosperous and the crimes were negligible.

    Unattempted
    

    Fahien‘s account on the Gupta administration provides useful information. He characterises the Gupta administration as mild and benevolent. There were no restrictions on people‘s movements and they enjoyed a large degree of personal freedom. There was no state interference in the individual’s life. Punishments were not severe.
    o Imposing a fine was a common punishment. There was no spy system.
    o The administration was so efficient that the roads were kept safe for travelers, and there was no fear of thieves. He mentioned that people were generally prosperous and the crimes were negligible.
67. Question 67 of 100

    67. Question

    Consider the following statements.
    (1) Vishishtadvaita school of Hindu philosophy believes that Brahman alone exists, and is characterized by sheer unity.
    (2) Turiya in Hindu philosophy is the background that underlies and transcends the common states of consciousness.
    (3) Bhedābheda Vedānta teaches that the individual self is completely identical to Brahman.
    (4) Advaita Vedānta claims that the individual self is both different and not different from the ultimate reality known as Brahman.
    Select the correct answer using the codes below.
    (A) 1 and 2 only
    (B) 3 and 4 only
    (C) 2 only
    (D) 1 and 4 only

    • A
    • B
    • C
    • D
    Correct
    

    Incorrect
    

    Statement 1: Viśiṣṭādvaita is one of the most popular schools of the Vedanta school of Hindu philosophy. Vedanta literally means the end of the Vedas.
    VishishtAdvaita is a non-dualistic school of Vedanta philosophy. It is non-dualism of the qualified whole, in which Brahman alone exists, but is characterized by multiplicity. It can be described as qualified monism or qualified non-dualism or attributive monism. It is a school of Vedanta philosophy which believes in all diversity subsuming to an underlying unity.
    Statement 2: In Hindu philosophy, turiya or caturiya, chaturtha, is pure consciousness. Scientists described it as a hypo-metabolic state of “restful alertness.” Turiya is the background that underlies and transcends the three common states of consciousness. The states of consciousness are: waking consciousness, dreaming, and dreamless sleep.
    Statement 3 and 4: The characteristic position of all the different Bhedābheda Vedānta schools is that the individual self (jīvātman) is both different and not different from the ultimate reality known as Brahman. Bhedābheda reconciles the positions of two other major schools of Vedānta.
    The Advaita (Non-dual) Vedānta that claims that the individual self is completely identical to Brahman, and the Dvaita (Dualist) Vedānta that teaches complete difference between the individual self and Brahman. Bādarāyaṇa’s Brahma Sūtra (4th century CE) may also have been written from a Bhedābheda Vedāntic viewpoint.

    Unattempted
    

    Statement 1: Viśiṣṭādvaita is one of the most popular schools of the Vedanta school of Hindu philosophy. Vedanta literally means the end of the Vedas.
    VishishtAdvaita is a non-dualistic school of Vedanta philosophy. It is non-dualism of the qualified whole, in which Brahman alone exists, but is characterized by multiplicity. It can be described as qualified monism or qualified non-dualism or attributive monism. It is a school of Vedanta philosophy which believes in all diversity subsuming to an underlying unity.
    Statement 2: In Hindu philosophy, turiya or caturiya, chaturtha, is pure consciousness. Scientists described it as a hypo-metabolic state of “restful alertness.” Turiya is the background that underlies and transcends the three common states of consciousness. The states of consciousness are: waking consciousness, dreaming, and dreamless sleep.
    Statement 3 and 4: The characteristic position of all the different Bhedābheda Vedānta schools is that the individual self (jīvātman) is both different and not different from the ultimate reality known as Brahman. Bhedābheda reconciles the positions of two other major schools of Vedānta.
    The Advaita (Non-dual) Vedānta that claims that the individual self is completely identical to Brahman, and the Dvaita (Dualist) Vedānta that teaches complete difference between the individual self and Brahman. Bādarāyaṇa’s Brahma Sūtra (4th century CE) may also have been written from a Bhedābheda Vedāntic viewpoint.
68. Question 68 of 100

    68. Question

    With reference to the ancient Nalanda University, consider the following statements:
    (1) It was a residential university.
    (2) Only Mahayana Buddhist doctrine was taught in the university.
    (3) Chinese traveller Hiuen Tsang gave a detailed account of this university.
    Which of the statements given above is/are correct?
    (A) 1 only
    (B) 1 and 3 only
    (C) 2 and 3 only
    (D) 1, 2 and 3

    • A
    • B
    • C
    • D
    Correct
    

    Incorrect
    

    The ancient Nalanda University was an undisputed seat of learning. Historical sources indicate that the University had a long and illustrious life which lasted almost continually for 800 years from the fifth to the twelfth century CE. It was a completely residential university believed to have 2,000 teachers and 10,000 students. Hence statement 1 is correct.
    There is evidence that all three Buddhist doctrines— Theravada, Mahayana and Vajrayana—were taught here and monks made their way to Nalanda and its neighbouring sites of Bodhgaya and Kurkihar from China, Tibet and Central Asia in the north, and Sri Lanka, Thailand, Burma and various other countries from the south-eastern parts of Asia. Hence statement 2 is not correct.
    The most detailed accounts about the ambience, architecture and learning of this unique university have come from Chinese scholars and the best known of these is Huien Tsang(Xuan Zang) who carried back many hundred scriptures which were later translated into Chinese. Hence statement 3 is correct.

    Unattempted
    

    The ancient Nalanda University was an undisputed seat of learning. Historical sources indicate that the University had a long and illustrious life which lasted almost continually for 800 years from the fifth to the twelfth century CE. It was a completely residential university believed to have 2,000 teachers and 10,000 students. Hence statement 1 is correct.
    There is evidence that all three Buddhist doctrines— Theravada, Mahayana and Vajrayana—were taught here and monks made their way to Nalanda and its neighbouring sites of Bodhgaya and Kurkihar from China, Tibet and Central Asia in the north, and Sri Lanka, Thailand, Burma and various other countries from the south-eastern parts of Asia. Hence statement 2 is not correct.
    The most detailed accounts about the ambience, architecture and learning of this unique university have come from Chinese scholars and the best known of these is Huien Tsang(Xuan Zang) who carried back many hundred scriptures which were later translated into Chinese. Hence statement 3 is correct.
69. Question 69 of 100

    69. Question

    Which of the following were the reasons for decline of Buddhism?
    (1) Use of Sanskrit for preaching.
    (2) Persecution of Buddhist monks by the kings.
    (3) Invasions by Turks on the rich Buddhist monasteries.
    Select the correct answer using the code given below.
    (A) 1 only
    (B) 1, 2 and 3
    (C) 1 and 2 only
    (D) 1 and 3 only

    • A
    • B
    • C
    • D
    Correct
    

    Incorrect
    

    All the options are correct.
    o Buddhism became a victim to the evils of Brahmanism against which it had initially fought. To meet the Buddhist challenge, the Brahmanas reformed their religion. They stressed the need to preserve the cattle wealth and assured women and shudras of admission to heaven. Buddhism, on the other hand, changed for the worse. Gradually the Buddhist monks were cut off from the main stream of people’s lives; they gave up Pali, the language of the people, and took to Sanskrit, the language of intellectuals. From the 1st century onwards, they practised idol worship on a large scale and received numerous offerings from devotees. The rich offerings supplemented by generous royal grants to the Buddhist monasteries made the life of monks easy.
    o The Brahman ruler PushyamitraShunga is said to have persecuted the Buddhists. Several instances of persecution occur in the sixth-seventh centuries. The Huna king Mihirakula, who was a worshipper of Shiva killed hundreds of Buddhists. The ShaiviteShashankGauda felled the Bodhi tree at Bodh gaya where Buddha had attained enlightenment.
    o For their riches, the monasteries came to be invaded by the Turkish invaders. The Turks killed a large number of Buddhist monks in Bihar, although some of the monks managed to escape to Nepal and Tibet. In any event, by the 12th century, Buddhism had virtually disappeared from the land of its birth.

    Unattempted
    

    All the options are correct.
    o Buddhism became a victim to the evils of Brahmanism against which it had initially fought. To meet the Buddhist challenge, the Brahmanas reformed their religion. They stressed the need to preserve the cattle wealth and assured women and shudras of admission to heaven. Buddhism, on the other hand, changed for the worse. Gradually the Buddhist monks were cut off from the main stream of people’s lives; they gave up Pali, the language of the people, and took to Sanskrit, the language of intellectuals. From the 1st century onwards, they practised idol worship on a large scale and received numerous offerings from devotees. The rich offerings supplemented by generous royal grants to the Buddhist monasteries made the life of monks easy.
    o The Brahman ruler PushyamitraShunga is said to have persecuted the Buddhists. Several instances of persecution occur in the sixth-seventh centuries. The Huna king Mihirakula, who was a worshipper of Shiva killed hundreds of Buddhists. The ShaiviteShashankGauda felled the Bodhi tree at Bodh gaya where Buddha had attained enlightenment.
    o For their riches, the monasteries came to be invaded by the Turkish invaders. The Turks killed a large number of Buddhist monks in Bihar, although some of the monks managed to escape to Nepal and Tibet. In any event, by the 12th century, Buddhism had virtually disappeared from the land of its birth.
70. Question 70 of 100

    70. Question

    With reference to the Sufi silsilas in India during the Delhi Sultanate, consider the following statements:
    (1) The Suhrawardi saints held important posts in the State while the Chisti saints preferred to keep aloof from state politics.
    (2) The Suhrawardi saints took their message across India while the activities of the Chisti saints remained largely confined to Delhi.
    Which of the statements given above is/are correct?
    (A) 1 only
    (B) 2 only
    (C) Both 1 and 2
    (D) Neither 1 nor 2

    • A
    • B
    • C
    • D
    Correct
    

    Incorrect
    

    The two most famous Sufi orders, or silsilas, which flourished in India during the Delhi Sultanate period were the Chishti and the Suhrawardi.
    The Suhrawardis were active mainly in Punjab and Multan, whereas the Chishtis were active at Delhi, and in the areas around it.
    Statement 2 is not correct: After the death of Nasiruddin Chirag-i-Delhi in 1356, the Chistis did not have a commanding figure in Delhi. As a result Chistisdispersed and spread their message to the eastern and southern parts of India, whereas the activities of the Suhrawardy saints remained confined mainly to the Punjab and Multan.
    Statement 1 is correct: The Suhrawardi saints accepted the service of the state, and some of them held importnt posts in the ecclesiastical department.
    The Chisti saints, on the other hand, preferred to keep aloof from state politics and shunned the company of rulers and nobles.
    o However, this was by no means a situation of absolute isolation from political power.
    o The sufis accepted unsolicited grants and donations from the political elites.
    o The Sultans in turn set up charitable trusts (auqaf) as endowments for Sufi hospices and granted taxfree land (inam).

    Unattempted
    

    The two most famous Sufi orders, or silsilas, which flourished in India during the Delhi Sultanate period were the Chishti and the Suhrawardi.
    The Suhrawardis were active mainly in Punjab and Multan, whereas the Chishtis were active at Delhi, and in the areas around it.
    Statement 2 is not correct: After the death of Nasiruddin Chirag-i-Delhi in 1356, the Chistis did not have a commanding figure in Delhi. As a result Chistisdispersed and spread their message to the eastern and southern parts of India, whereas the activities of the Suhrawardy saints remained confined mainly to the Punjab and Multan.
    Statement 1 is correct: The Suhrawardi saints accepted the service of the state, and some of them held importnt posts in the ecclesiastical department.
    The Chisti saints, on the other hand, preferred to keep aloof from state politics and shunned the company of rulers and nobles.
    o However, this was by no means a situation of absolute isolation from political power.
    o The sufis accepted unsolicited grants and donations from the political elites.
    o The Sultans in turn set up charitable trusts (auqaf) as endowments for Sufi hospices and granted taxfree land (inam).
71. Question 71 of 100

    71. Question

    Consider the following pairs regarding the puppetry in India:
    Puppetry : State
    (1) Ravanchhaya : Rajasthan
    (2) Kundhei : Odisha
    (3) Gombeyatta : Tamil Nadu
    Which of the pair(s) given above is/are incorrect?
    (A) 1 only
    (B) 1 and 3 only
    (C) 2 and 3 only
    (D) 1, 2 and 3

    • A
    • B
    • C
    • D
    Correct
    

    Incorrect
    

    Pair 1 is incorrect. Ravanchhaya is the most theatrical of shadow puppetry and is a popular form of entertainment in the Odisha region. The puppets are made of deer skin and depict bold, dramatic postures. They do not have any joints attached to them, making it more complex art. There is use of non-human puppets, such as trees and animals as well.
    Pair 2 is correct. Kundhei are the string puppets of Odisha. They are made of light wood and are dressed in long skirts. The puppets have more joints, thus giving the puppeteer more flexibility. The strings are attached to a triangular prop. There is a marked influence of Odia dance on Kundhei puppet show.
    Pair 3 is incorrect. Gombeyatta is the traditional puppet show of Karnataka. They are styled and designed on the various characters of the yakshagana theatres. A unique feature of this puppetry is that more than one puppeteer is used to manipulate the puppets.

    Unattempted
    

    Pair 1 is incorrect. Ravanchhaya is the most theatrical of shadow puppetry and is a popular form of entertainment in the Odisha region. The puppets are made of deer skin and depict bold, dramatic postures. They do not have any joints attached to them, making it more complex art. There is use of non-human puppets, such as trees and animals as well.
    Pair 2 is correct. Kundhei are the string puppets of Odisha. They are made of light wood and are dressed in long skirts. The puppets have more joints, thus giving the puppeteer more flexibility. The strings are attached to a triangular prop. There is a marked influence of Odia dance on Kundhei puppet show.
    Pair 3 is incorrect. Gombeyatta is the traditional puppet show of Karnataka. They are styled and designed on the various characters of the yakshagana theatres. A unique feature of this puppetry is that more than one puppeteer is used to manipulate the puppets.
72. Question 72 of 100

    72. Question

    In Buddhism, the analogy of the 'flame of a lamp which kindles other lamp before getting extinguished' is used to explain?
    (A) Transmigration of soul
    (B) Bodhisattva
    (C) Continuous flux of universe
    (D) None of the above

    • A
    • B
    • C
    • D
    Correct
    

    Incorrect
    

    In Buddhism, the analogy of flame of a lamp which kindles other lamp before being extinguished was used to explain the process of transmigration of soul, which was different from other contemporary philosophies.
    In other religion and philosophy something is being transferred from one life to another. whereas, in Buddhism transmigration nothing is transferred but, a new life arises as a chain of events.

    Unattempted
    

    In Buddhism, the analogy of flame of a lamp which kindles other lamp before being extinguished was used to explain the process of transmigration of soul, which was different from other contemporary philosophies.
    In other religion and philosophy something is being transferred from one life to another. whereas, in Buddhism transmigration nothing is transferred but, a new life arises as a chain of events.
73. Question 73 of 100

    73. Question

    Which among the following were the causes of the success of Turks against the Rajputs?
    (1) Turks possessed superior weapons as compared to Indians.
    (2) Mutual rivalries and hostilities among Rajput rulers.
    (3) Growth of feudalism in India.
    Select the correct answer using the code given below:
    (A) 2 only
    (B) 1 and 2 only
    (C) 2 and 3 only
    (D) 1, 2 and 3

    • A
    • B
    • C
    • D
    Correct
    

    Incorrect
    

    Statement 1 is incorrect: Researches show that the Turks did not possess superior weapons as compared to Indians. For instance, iron stirrup had spread in India from the 8th century onwards. Indian bows were more accurate and deadly. Indian swords were considered to be the best in the world.
    Statement 2 is correct: Rajputs failed pose a united front against Turks because of their mutual rivalries and hostilities.
    Statement 3 is correct: Rise of local chiefs had weakened the administrative structure and military organisation in Indian states.

    Unattempted
    

    Statement 1 is incorrect: Researches show that the Turks did not possess superior weapons as compared to Indians. For instance, iron stirrup had spread in India from the 8th century onwards. Indian bows were more accurate and deadly. Indian swords were considered to be the best in the world.
    Statement 2 is correct: Rajputs failed pose a united front against Turks because of their mutual rivalries and hostilities.
    Statement 3 is correct: Rise of local chiefs had weakened the administrative structure and military organisation in Indian states.
74. Question 74 of 100

    74. Question

    Which of the following sources help to reconstruct the history of the Guptas?
    (1) Allahabad Ashokan pillar
    (2) Mudrarakshasam by Vishakadatta
    (3) Records of Fahien
    Select the correct answer using the code given below.
    (A) 1, 2 and 3
    (B) 3 only
    (C) 1 and 2 only
    (D) 2 and 3 only

    • A
    • B
    • C
    • D
    Correct
    

    Incorrect
    

    There are plenty of source materials to reconstruct the history of the Gupta period. They include literary, epigraphical and numismatic sources. The Puranas throw light on the royal genealogy of the Gupta kings.
    Contemporary literary works like the Devichandraguptam and the Mudhrakshasam written by Visakadatta provide information regarding the rise of the Guptas.
    o The Chinese traveler Fahien, who visited India during the reign of Chandragupta II, has left a valuable account of the social, economic and religious conditions of the Gupta empire.
    o Apart from these literary sources, there are inscriptions like the Meherauli Iron Pillar Inscription and the Allahabad Pillar inscription.
    o Allahabad Pillar inscription was issued by Samudragupta and was composed by Harisena. It is written in very simple and refined Sanskrit in Champukavya style. It lists achievements of Samudragupta. This Inscription is a eulogy of Samudragupta and mentions about the conquests of Samudragupta and boundaries of the Gupta Empire.

    Unattempted
    

    There are plenty of source materials to reconstruct the history of the Gupta period. They include literary, epigraphical and numismatic sources. The Puranas throw light on the royal genealogy of the Gupta kings.
    Contemporary literary works like the Devichandraguptam and the Mudhrakshasam written by Visakadatta provide information regarding the rise of the Guptas.
    o The Chinese traveler Fahien, who visited India during the reign of Chandragupta II, has left a valuable account of the social, economic and religious conditions of the Gupta empire.
    o Apart from these literary sources, there are inscriptions like the Meherauli Iron Pillar Inscription and the Allahabad Pillar inscription.
    o Allahabad Pillar inscription was issued by Samudragupta and was composed by Harisena. It is written in very simple and refined Sanskrit in Champukavya style. It lists achievements of Samudragupta. This Inscription is a eulogy of Samudragupta and mentions about the conquests of Samudragupta and boundaries of the Gupta Empire.
75. Question 75 of 100

    75. Question

    With reference to the history of Deccan India, the term Palaiyagar refers to
    (A) Taxes on property
    (B) Merchant guilds
    (C) Military chiefs
    (D) Irrigation tanks

    • A
    • B
    • C
    • D
    Correct
    

    Incorrect
    

    Under Krishna Deva, Vijaynagara emerged as the strongest military power in the south. King granted amaram or territory with a fixed revenue to military chiefs.
    The chiefs were called Palaiyagar or the Nayak. They had to maintain a fixed number of foot soldiers, and elephants for the service of the state.
    The nayaks also had to pay a sum of money to the central exchequer. They formed a very powerful section of the society.

    Unattempted
    

    Under Krishna Deva, Vijaynagara emerged as the strongest military power in the south. King granted amaram or territory with a fixed revenue to military chiefs.
    The chiefs were called Palaiyagar or the Nayak. They had to maintain a fixed number of foot soldiers, and elephants for the service of the state.
    The nayaks also had to pay a sum of money to the central exchequer. They formed a very powerful section of the society.
76. Question 76 of 100

    76. Question

    Consider the following pairs:
    Folk Music : State
    (1) Pandavani : Maharastra
    (2) Mando : Goa
    (3) Laman : Manipur
    Which of the pairs given above is/are correctly matched?
    (A) 1 and 2 only
    (B) 2 only
    (C) 1 and 3 only
    (D) 1, 2 and 3

    • A
    • B
    • C
    • D
    Correct
    

    Incorrect
    

    Hence pair 1 is not correctly matched: Pandavani is regional music of Chhattisgarh.In Pandavani, tales from Mahabharata are sung as a ballad and one or two episodes are chosen for the night‘s performance. The main singer continuously sits throughout the performance and with powerful singing and symbolic gestures he assumes all the characters of the episode one after another.
    Hence pair 2 is correctly matched: Mando is aregional music of Goa. It is a treasury of the traditional music of the Indian subcontinent. Mando, the finest creation of the Goan song is a slow verse and refrain composition dealing with love, tragedy and both social injustice and political resistance during Portuguese presence in Goa.
    Hence pair 3 is not correctly matched: Laman is a regional music of Himachal Pradesh: In Laman a group of girls sing a stanza and a group of boys give the reply in the song. This continues for hours. Interesting is that the girls singing on one of the peaks of the hill seldom see the faces of the boys singing on another peak. In between is the hill which echoes their love song. Most of these songs are sung especially in Kullu Valley.

    Unattempted
    

    Hence pair 1 is not correctly matched: Pandavani is regional music of Chhattisgarh.In Pandavani, tales from Mahabharata are sung as a ballad and one or two episodes are chosen for the night‘s performance. The main singer continuously sits throughout the performance and with powerful singing and symbolic gestures he assumes all the characters of the episode one after another.
    Hence pair 2 is correctly matched: Mando is aregional music of Goa. It is a treasury of the traditional music of the Indian subcontinent. Mando, the finest creation of the Goan song is a slow verse and refrain composition dealing with love, tragedy and both social injustice and political resistance during Portuguese presence in Goa.
    Hence pair 3 is not correctly matched: Laman is a regional music of Himachal Pradesh: In Laman a group of girls sing a stanza and a group of boys give the reply in the song. This continues for hours. Interesting is that the girls singing on one of the peaks of the hill seldom see the faces of the boys singing on another peak. In between is the hill which echoes their love song. Most of these songs are sung especially in Kullu Valley.
77. Question 77 of 100

    77. Question

    Which among the following ideas were common to Kabir and Guru Nanak?
    (1) An ideal state which would be presided over by a philosopher-king.
    (2) Belief in pilgrimages to approach God
    (3) Denunciation of caste system
    Select the correct answer using the code given below.
    (A) 1 and 2 only
    (B) 2 only
    (C) 3 only
    (D) 1 and 3 only

    • A
    • B
    • C
    • D
    Correct
    

    Incorrect
    

    Kabir and Guru Nanak believed in oneness of God. Guru Nanak laid great emphasis on the purity of character and conduct as the first condition of approaching God, and the need of a guru for guidance. Like Kabir, he strongly denounced idol-worship, pilgrimages and other formal observances of the various faiths. Hence, statement 2 is not correct.
    o Guru Nanak had no intention of founding a new religion. His catholic approach aimed at bridging distinctions between the Hindus and the Muslims, in order to create an atmosphere of peace, goodwill and mutual interaction. Like Kabir, Guru Nanak also believed in human equality and brotherhood, and strongly denounced the caste system. He also considered the rulers of his time to be irreligious tyrants. Hence, statement 3 is correct.
    o However, unlike Kabir, he postulated an ideal state which would be presided over by a philosopher-king who would base his conduct on morality, justice and equality. Hence, statement 1 is not correct.

    Unattempted
    

    Kabir and Guru Nanak believed in oneness of God. Guru Nanak laid great emphasis on the purity of character and conduct as the first condition of approaching God, and the need of a guru for guidance. Like Kabir, he strongly denounced idol-worship, pilgrimages and other formal observances of the various faiths. Hence, statement 2 is not correct.
    o Guru Nanak had no intention of founding a new religion. His catholic approach aimed at bridging distinctions between the Hindus and the Muslims, in order to create an atmosphere of peace, goodwill and mutual interaction. Like Kabir, Guru Nanak also believed in human equality and brotherhood, and strongly denounced the caste system. He also considered the rulers of his time to be irreligious tyrants. Hence, statement 3 is correct.
    o However, unlike Kabir, he postulated an ideal state which would be presided over by a philosopher-king who would base his conduct on morality, justice and equality. Hence, statement 1 is not correct.
78. Question 78 of 100

    78. Question

    Which of the following contributed to the decline of Buddhism in India?
    (1) Towards the end of ancient period Buddha was considered the as one of the incarnation of Vishnu and thus became a part of Vaishnavism.
    (2) Central Asian tribes who ruled India in post Mauryan age embraced Brahmanism and stopped donations to Buddhist Monks.
    (3) The Kings of Gupta Dynasty were strongly opposed to Buddhism.
    Which of the following statements is/are correct?
    (A) 1 only
    (B) 2 and 3 only
    (C) 1 and 3 only
    (D) 1, 2 and 3

    • A
    • B
    • C
    • D
    Correct
    

    Incorrect
    

    Statement 1 is correct: Buddha became the 9th Incarnation of the Dashavatar Vishnu and thus became Part of Vaishnavism. This led to the decline of Buddhism.
    Statement 2 is incorrect: Central Asian tribes who ruled India in post Mauryan age embraced Buddhism as it gave them easier access to the Indian Society.
    Statement 3 is Incorrect: The Gupta Period was a time of great Development of Hindu Culture but even then nearly half the Population supported Buddhism.
    Although, the Gupta Kings were followers of Brahmanism but they were liberal to Buddhism and Jainism.

    Unattempted
    

    Statement 1 is correct: Buddha became the 9th Incarnation of the Dashavatar Vishnu and thus became Part of Vaishnavism. This led to the decline of Buddhism.
    Statement 2 is incorrect: Central Asian tribes who ruled India in post Mauryan age embraced Buddhism as it gave them easier access to the Indian Society.
    Statement 3 is Incorrect: The Gupta Period was a time of great Development of Hindu Culture but even then nearly half the Population supported Buddhism.
    Although, the Gupta Kings were followers of Brahmanism but they were liberal to Buddhism and Jainism.
79. Question 79 of 100

    79. Question

    Which among the following sites contain paintings of upper Paleolithic period?
    (1) Lakhudiyar
    (2) Bhimbetka
    (3) Barabar
    Select the correct answer using the code given below.
    (A) 1 and 2 only
    (B) 2 and 3 only
    (C) 1 and 3 only
    (D) 1, 2 and 3

    • A
    • B
    • C
    • D
    Correct
    

    Incorrect
    

    The rock shelters on banks of the River Suyal at Lakhudiyar, about twenty kilometres on the Almora– Barechina road, bear these prehistoric paintings from upper Paleolithic period. Lakhudiyar literally means one lakh caves. The paintings here can be divided into three categories: man, animal and geometric patterns in white, black and red ochre. Hence, option 1 is correct.
    o The rock art of Bhimbetka in Madhya Praadesh has been classified into various groups on the bases of style, technique and superimposition. The drawings and paintings can be catagorised into seven historical periods. Period I, Upper Palaeolithic; Period II, Mesolithic; and Period III, Chalcolithic. Hence, option 2 is correct.
    o A typical example of early cave architecture is the most datable cave of all, the so-called Lomas Rishi cave in the Barabar Hills of Bihar. An inscription proves that this was excavated for the Ajivika sect in the time of Ashoka himself. Hence, option 3 is not correct.

    Unattempted
    

    The rock shelters on banks of the River Suyal at Lakhudiyar, about twenty kilometres on the Almora– Barechina road, bear these prehistoric paintings from upper Paleolithic period. Lakhudiyar literally means one lakh caves. The paintings here can be divided into three categories: man, animal and geometric patterns in white, black and red ochre. Hence, option 1 is correct.
    o The rock art of Bhimbetka in Madhya Praadesh has been classified into various groups on the bases of style, technique and superimposition. The drawings and paintings can be catagorised into seven historical periods. Period I, Upper Palaeolithic; Period II, Mesolithic; and Period III, Chalcolithic. Hence, option 2 is correct.
    o A typical example of early cave architecture is the most datable cave of all, the so-called Lomas Rishi cave in the Barabar Hills of Bihar. An inscription proves that this was excavated for the Ajivika sect in the time of Ashoka himself. Hence, option 3 is not correct.
80. Question 80 of 100

    80. Question

    Consider the following statements regarding Samkhya philosophy:
    (1) It believes that the world owes its origin only to the divine God.
    (2) It was both materialistic and spiritual in nature.
    Which of the statements given above is/are correct?
    (A) 1 only
    (B) 2 only
    (C) Both 1 and 2
    (D) Neither 1 nor 2

    • A
    • B
    • C
    • D
    Correct
    

    Incorrect
    

    Samkhya philosophy was propounded by Kapila . It literally means 'count'. According to the early Samkhya tradition, presence of divine entity is not essential for the creation of the world, rather the world owes its origin to the nature or Prakriti than to God (materialistic view).
    o Around 4th century AD, in addition to Prakriti, purusha or spirit was also added in the Samkhya philosophy i.e. creation of world is attributed to both nature and God (spiritualistic view). Hence, only statement 1 is not correct.
    o According to this school a person can attain salvation through acquisition of real knowledge , and his misery can be ended forever. This knowledge can be aquired through perception (pratyaksha), inference (anuman), and hearing (shabda). Such a method is typical of a scientific system of enquiry.

    Unattempted
    

    Samkhya philosophy was propounded by Kapila . It literally means 'count'. According to the early Samkhya tradition, presence of divine entity is not essential for the creation of the world, rather the world owes its origin to the nature or Prakriti than to God (materialistic view).
    o Around 4th century AD, in addition to Prakriti, purusha or spirit was also added in the Samkhya philosophy i.e. creation of world is attributed to both nature and God (spiritualistic view). Hence, only statement 1 is not correct.
    o According to this school a person can attain salvation through acquisition of real knowledge , and his misery can be ended forever. This knowledge can be aquired through perception (pratyaksha), inference (anuman), and hearing (shabda). Such a method is typical of a scientific system of enquiry.
81. Question 81 of 100

    81. Question

    Consider the following terms in the context of Medieval India and their correct matches.
    (1) Jajmani system: Art of craft production
    (2) Mallahzadas: Cattle traders
    (3) Milkiyat: Private Land of Zamindars
    Select the correct matches using the codes below.
    (A) 1 only
    (B) 2 and 3 only
    (C) 3 only
    (D) 1 only

    • A
    • B
    • C
    • D
    Correct
    

    Incorrect
    

    Statement 1: Zamindars in Bengal who remunerated blacksmiths, carpenters, even goldsmiths for their work by paying them “a small daily allowance and diet money”. This later came to be described as the jajmani system, though the term was not in vogue in the sixteenth and seventeenth centuries.
    Statement 2: Despite the abundance of cultivable land, certain caste groups were assigned menial tasks and thus relegated to poverty.
    In Muslim communities menials like the halalkhoran, those who cut meat were housed outside the boundaries of the village; similarly the mallahzadas, boatmen in Bihar were comparable to slaves.
    Statement 3: The zamindars held extensive personal lands termed milkiyat, meaning property. Milkiyat lands were cultivated for the private use of zamindars, often with the help of hired labour. The zamindars could sell or donate these lands at will. Zamindars also derived their power from the state that they could often collect revenue on behalf of the state.

    Unattempted
    

    Statement 1: Zamindars in Bengal who remunerated blacksmiths, carpenters, even goldsmiths for their work by paying them “a small daily allowance and diet money”. This later came to be described as the jajmani system, though the term was not in vogue in the sixteenth and seventeenth centuries.
    Statement 2: Despite the abundance of cultivable land, certain caste groups were assigned menial tasks and thus relegated to poverty.
    In Muslim communities menials like the halalkhoran, those who cut meat were housed outside the boundaries of the village; similarly the mallahzadas, boatmen in Bihar were comparable to slaves.
    Statement 3: The zamindars held extensive personal lands termed milkiyat, meaning property. Milkiyat lands were cultivated for the private use of zamindars, often with the help of hired labour. The zamindars could sell or donate these lands at will. Zamindars also derived their power from the state that they could often collect revenue on behalf of the state.
82. Question 82 of 100

    82. Question

    With reference to administration of Satavahana rulers, consider the following statements:
    (1) They started the practice of granting taxfree villages to brahmanas and Buddhist monks.
    (2) There is no evidence of feudatory set-up in their administration.
    Which of the statements given above is/are correct?
    (A) 1 only
    (B) 2 only
    (C) Both 1 and 2
    (D) Neither 1 nor 2

    • A
    • B
    • C
    • D
    Correct
    

    Incorrect
    

    The Satavahana rulers strove for the royal ideal set forth in the Dharmashastras and the king was represented as the upholder of dharma. As the tribal people in the Deccan were not thoroughly brahmanized and reconciled to new rule, it was necessary to keep them under strong military control.
    o Statement 1 is correct: The Satavahanas were the first rulers to make land grants to brahmanas, although we find more instances of such grants being made to Buddhist monks. They granted tax-free villages to them. Also the cultivated fields and villages granted to them were declared free from intrusion by royal policemen, soldiers and other royal officials.
    o Statement 2 is not correct: The Satavahana kingdom had three grades of feudatories. The highest grade was formed by the king who was called raja and had the right to strike coins. The second grade was formed by the mahabhoja, and the third grade by the senapati.

    Unattempted
    

    The Satavahana rulers strove for the royal ideal set forth in the Dharmashastras and the king was represented as the upholder of dharma. As the tribal people in the Deccan were not thoroughly brahmanized and reconciled to new rule, it was necessary to keep them under strong military control.
    o Statement 1 is correct: The Satavahanas were the first rulers to make land grants to brahmanas, although we find more instances of such grants being made to Buddhist monks. They granted tax-free villages to them. Also the cultivated fields and villages granted to them were declared free from intrusion by royal policemen, soldiers and other royal officials.
    o Statement 2 is not correct: The Satavahana kingdom had three grades of feudatories. The highest grade was formed by the king who was called raja and had the right to strike coins. The second grade was formed by the mahabhoja, and the third grade by the senapati.
83. Question 83 of 100

    83. Question

    With reference to Tughluq dynasty, consider the following statements:
    (1) Vijayanagar and Bahmani kingdom, both were founded during this period.
    (2) They shifted the capital from Delhi to Deogiri.
    (3) Iranian ruler Nadir Shah invaded India towards the end of their rule.
    Which of the statements given above is/are correct?
    (A) 1 only
    (B) 2 and 3 only
    (C) 1 and 2 only
    (D) 2 only

    • A
    • B
    • C
    • D
    Correct
    

    Incorrect
    

    Statement 1 is correct: After the return of Muhammad bin Tughluq from southIndia, there was a rebellion by Harihara and Bukka. They set up a principality which gradually expanded to become Vijayanagar Empire.
    Furthermore, some foreign nobles set up a principality near Daulatabad which expanded into Bahmani empire.
    Statement 2 is correct: In 1326-27, Muhammad bin Tughlaq transferred the capital from Delhi to Deogiri, which he renamed as Daulatabad. However, later he abandoned this idea and shifted the capital back to Delhi.
    Statement 3 is incorrect: Nadir Shah invaded India during the reign Muhammad Shah Rangeela, in 1749. Towards the end of tughlaq dynasty, Amir Timur invaded India in 1398. He sacked Delhi without mercy, large no. of people lost their lives.

    Unattempted
    

    Statement 1 is correct: After the return of Muhammad bin Tughluq from southIndia, there was a rebellion by Harihara and Bukka. They set up a principality which gradually expanded to become Vijayanagar Empire.
    Furthermore, some foreign nobles set up a principality near Daulatabad which expanded into Bahmani empire.
    Statement 2 is correct: In 1326-27, Muhammad bin Tughlaq transferred the capital from Delhi to Deogiri, which he renamed as Daulatabad. However, later he abandoned this idea and shifted the capital back to Delhi.
    Statement 3 is incorrect: Nadir Shah invaded India during the reign Muhammad Shah Rangeela, in 1749. Towards the end of tughlaq dynasty, Amir Timur invaded India in 1398. He sacked Delhi without mercy, large no. of people lost their lives.
84. Question 84 of 100

    84. Question

    With reference to the Sufi movement in India, consider the following statements:
    (1) It took roots in both rural and urban areas.
    (2) It exercised a deep social as well as political influence.
    (3) It remained confined to northern India.
    Which of the statements given above is/are correct?
    (A) 1 only
    (B) 2 and 3 only
    (C) 3 only
    (D) 1 and 2 only

    • A
    • B
    • C
    • D
    Correct
    

    Incorrect
    

    Statement 1 is correct: Sufi mystics wandered from place to place to spread their message. They established hold in both cities as well as villages of India.
    Statement 2 is correct: The saints belonging to Suhrawardi order of Sufism, accepted the service of state and some of them held important posts in ecclesiasticaldepartment. They helped the rulers by creating a climate of opinion in which people of different sects could live in peace and harmony.
    At a time when struggle for political power was the prevailing madness, the Sufi saints reminded men of their moral obligations. To a world torn by strife and conflict they tried to bring peace and harmony. In this manner they exercised a deep social and political influence.
    Statement 3 is incorrect: The saints belonging to Chisti order of Sufism dispersed and extended their message to eastern and southern parts of India. Qadiri order founded by Abdul Qadir whose tomb is at Baghdad. Its influence is extensively seen among the Muslims of south India.
    Sufism crystallized itself into various 'Silsilahs' or orders.
    The 4 most popular among these were Chistis, Suhrawardis, Qadiriyahs and Naqshbandis. It rebelledagainst all forms of religious formalism, orthodoxy, falsehood and hypocrisy and endeavoured to create a new world order in which spiritual bliss was the only and the ultimate goal.

    Unattempted
    

    Statement 1 is correct: Sufi mystics wandered from place to place to spread their message. They established hold in both cities as well as villages of India.
    Statement 2 is correct: The saints belonging to Suhrawardi order of Sufism, accepted the service of state and some of them held important posts in ecclesiasticaldepartment. They helped the rulers by creating a climate of opinion in which people of different sects could live in peace and harmony.
    At a time when struggle for political power was the prevailing madness, the Sufi saints reminded men of their moral obligations. To a world torn by strife and conflict they tried to bring peace and harmony. In this manner they exercised a deep social and political influence.
    Statement 3 is incorrect: The saints belonging to Chisti order of Sufism dispersed and extended their message to eastern and southern parts of India. Qadiri order founded by Abdul Qadir whose tomb is at Baghdad. Its influence is extensively seen among the Muslims of south India.
    Sufism crystallized itself into various 'Silsilahs' or orders.
    The 4 most popular among these were Chistis, Suhrawardis, Qadiriyahs and Naqshbandis. It rebelledagainst all forms of religious formalism, orthodoxy, falsehood and hypocrisy and endeavoured to create a new world order in which spiritual bliss was the only and the ultimate goal.
85. Question 85 of 100

    85. Question

    Which of the following pairs are correctly matched?
    (1) Rajgir : Lion capital of Ashoka
    (2) Chedis : Southern most Mahajanapada
    (3) Patliputra : Jaladurga (Water fort)
    (4) Vaishali : First Jainas’ council
    Select the correct answer using the codes given below:
    (A) 1 and 2 only
    (B) 2, 3 and 4 only
    (C) 3 only
    (D) 1 and 3 only

    • A
    • B
    • C
    • D
    Correct
    

    Incorrect
    

    Lion capital of Ashoka is at Sarnath (not Rajgir).
    Assaka/Asmaka was the southernmost Mahajanapada.Patliputra city was known as Jaladurga/Water fort, as it located at the confluence of Ganga, Gandhak, and Son. The river Ghagra was joined Ganga not far from Patliputra. These rivers helped in defence, communication and trade.
    The first Jainas council was held at Patliputra by Sthulabahu in the beginning of the 3rd century B.C. It led to the compilation of 12 Angas.

    Unattempted
    

    Lion capital of Ashoka is at Sarnath (not Rajgir).
    Assaka/Asmaka was the southernmost Mahajanapada.Patliputra city was known as Jaladurga/Water fort, as it located at the confluence of Ganga, Gandhak, and Son. The river Ghagra was joined Ganga not far from Patliputra. These rivers helped in defence, communication and trade.
    The first Jainas council was held at Patliputra by Sthulabahu in the beginning of the 3rd century B.C. It led to the compilation of 12 Angas.
86. Question 86 of 100

    86. Question

    Which among the following was/were the reforms initiated by Alauddin Khalji?
    (1) System of branding of horses
    (2) Deregulation of grain market
    (3) Measurement of land
    Select the correct answer using the code given below.
    (A) 1 only
    (B) 1 and 2 only
    (C) 2 and 3 only
    (D) 1 and 3 only

    • A
    • B
    • C
    • D
    Correct
    

    Incorrect
    

    Alauddin Khalji maintained a large permanent standing army and paid them in cash from the royal treasury. He introduced the system of dagh (branding of horses) and prepared huliya (descriptive list of soldiers). In order to ensure maximum efficiency, a strict review of army from time to time was carried out.Hence statement 1 is correct.
    The introduction of paying salaries in cash to the soldiers led to price regulations popularly called as Market Reforms.
    Alauddin Khalji established four separate markets in Delhi, one for grain; another for cloth, sugar, dried fruits, butter and oil; a third for horses, slaves and cattle; and a fourth for miscellaneous commodities.
    Each market was under the control of a high officer called Shahna-i-Mandi.
    So, the market regulation was tightened.
    o The supply of grain was ensured by holding stocks in government store-houses. Regulations were issued to fix the price of all commodities.Hence statement 2 is not correct.
    o A separate department called Diwani Riyasat was created under an officer called Naib-i-Riyasat. Every merchant was registered under the Market department.
    o There were secret agents called munhiyans who sent reports to the Sultan regarding the functioning of these markets. The Sultan also sent slave boys to buy various commodities to check prices.
    o Violation of regulations was severely punished. Harsh punishment was given if any shopkeeper charged a higher price, or tried to cheat by using false weights and measures.o Even during the famine the same price was maintained.
    Apart from market reforms, Alauddin Khalji took important steps in the land revenue administration.
    o He was the first Sultan of Delhi who ordered for the measurement of land. Hence statement 3 is correct.
    o Even the big landlords could not escape from paying land tax.
    o Land revenue was collected in cash in order to enable the Sultan to pay the soldiers in cash.
    o His land revenue reforms provided a basis for the future reforms of Sher Shah and Akbar.

    Unattempted
    

    Alauddin Khalji maintained a large permanent standing army and paid them in cash from the royal treasury. He introduced the system of dagh (branding of horses) and prepared huliya (descriptive list of soldiers). In order to ensure maximum efficiency, a strict review of army from time to time was carried out.Hence statement 1 is correct.
    The introduction of paying salaries in cash to the soldiers led to price regulations popularly called as Market Reforms.
    Alauddin Khalji established four separate markets in Delhi, one for grain; another for cloth, sugar, dried fruits, butter and oil; a third for horses, slaves and cattle; and a fourth for miscellaneous commodities.
    Each market was under the control of a high officer called Shahna-i-Mandi.
    So, the market regulation was tightened.
    o The supply of grain was ensured by holding stocks in government store-houses. Regulations were issued to fix the price of all commodities.Hence statement 2 is not correct.
    o A separate department called Diwani Riyasat was created under an officer called Naib-i-Riyasat. Every merchant was registered under the Market department.
    o There were secret agents called munhiyans who sent reports to the Sultan regarding the functioning of these markets. The Sultan also sent slave boys to buy various commodities to check prices.
    o Violation of regulations was severely punished. Harsh punishment was given if any shopkeeper charged a higher price, or tried to cheat by using false weights and measures.o Even during the famine the same price was maintained.
    Apart from market reforms, Alauddin Khalji took important steps in the land revenue administration.
    o He was the first Sultan of Delhi who ordered for the measurement of land. Hence statement 3 is correct.
    o Even the big landlords could not escape from paying land tax.
    o Land revenue was collected in cash in order to enable the Sultan to pay the soldiers in cash.
    o His land revenue reforms provided a basis for the future reforms of Sher Shah and Akbar.
87. Question 87 of 100

    87. Question

    With reference to the Dravidian style architecture, consider the following statements:
    (1) The early Dravidian style of temples, which are wholly rock cut, was executed during the rule of the Pallava king Narsimha Verman I.
    (2) The large gateways are known as the Shikharas.
    Which of the statements given above is/are correct?
    (A) 1 only
    (B) 2 only
    (C) Both 1 and 2
    (D) Neither 1 nor 2

    • A
    • B
    • C
    • D
    Correct
    

    Incorrect
    

    • The early Dravidian style of temples, which are wholly rock cut, was executed during the rule of the Pallava king Narsimha Verman I (640 AD- 648 AD).
    • Narsimha Verman I selected the town of a granite cliff situated on the coast.
    • It was here for the time free-standing temples called the Rathas, popularly known as the Five Pagodas, were carved and they exemplify entirely novel forms of expression.
    ● The large gateways are known as the Gopurams.

    Unattempted
    

    • The early Dravidian style of temples, which are wholly rock cut, was executed during the rule of the Pallava king Narsimha Verman I (640 AD- 648 AD).
    • Narsimha Verman I selected the town of a granite cliff situated on the coast.
    • It was here for the time free-standing temples called the Rathas, popularly known as the Five Pagodas, were carved and they exemplify entirely novel forms of expression.
    ● The large gateways are known as the Gopurams.
88. Question 88 of 100

    88. Question

    Consider the following statements regarding Harsha's administration:
    (1) It was highly centralised.
    (2) The law and administration was well maintained.
    (3) No expenditure was allocated for religious purposes.
    Which of the statements given above is/are correct?
    (A) 3 only
    (B) 1, 2 and 3
    (C) 2 only
    (D) None

    • A
    • B
    • C
    • D
    Correct
    

    Incorrect
    

    Harshavardhana (606 AD-647 AD) : Harsha's administration was feudal and decentralised. Harsha possessed huge army (100,000 horses and 60,000 elephants) because every feudatory contributed his quota of footmen and horses and thus made the imperial army vast in numbers. Hence, statement 1 is not correct.
    o Hiuen Tsang who travelled in India between 628 A.D.and 645 A.D. during the reign of Harshavardhana, took note of untouchables as scavengers, executioners etc.
    According to him, they lived outside the villages and consumed garlic and onion. The Untouchables announced their entry into the town or village by shouting loudly, so that the people might keep away from them.
    o He described in the empire of Harsha law and order was not well-maintained. The offenders were given physical punishments and tortured as well to extract the truth from them while the traitors were given death sentence or turned out of the kingdom. Hence, statement 2 is not correct.
    o He also informed that the revenues of Harsha were divided into 4 parts:
    Expenditure for the king
    Expenditure for the scholars
    For the endowment of officials and public servants
    For the religious purposes. Hence, statement 3 is not correct.

    Unattempted
    

    Harshavardhana (606 AD-647 AD) : Harsha's administration was feudal and decentralised. Harsha possessed huge army (100,000 horses and 60,000 elephants) because every feudatory contributed his quota of footmen and horses and thus made the imperial army vast in numbers. Hence, statement 1 is not correct.
    o Hiuen Tsang who travelled in India between 628 A.D.and 645 A.D. during the reign of Harshavardhana, took note of untouchables as scavengers, executioners etc.
    According to him, they lived outside the villages and consumed garlic and onion. The Untouchables announced their entry into the town or village by shouting loudly, so that the people might keep away from them.
    o He described in the empire of Harsha law and order was not well-maintained. The offenders were given physical punishments and tortured as well to extract the truth from them while the traitors were given death sentence or turned out of the kingdom. Hence, statement 2 is not correct.
    o He also informed that the revenues of Harsha were divided into 4 parts:
    Expenditure for the king
    Expenditure for the scholars
    For the endowment of officials and public servants
    For the religious purposes. Hence, statement 3 is not correct.
89. Question 89 of 100

    89. Question

    Consider the following statements regarding Tai Khamti people:
    (1)They people follow Theravada Buddhism.
    (2)Presently they reside in the areas including Arunachal Pradesh and Assam.
    Select the correct statements using the code given below:
    (A)1 only
    (B)2 only
    (C)Both 1 and 2
    (D)Neither 1 nor 2

    • A
    • B
    • C
    • D
    Correct
    

    Incorrect
    

    Both statements are correct.
    • Tai Khamti people follow Theravada Buddhism. Their population is a little more than 1,00,000, and they live in areas straddling Arunachal Pradesh and Assam.

    Unattempted
    

    Both statements are correct.
    • Tai Khamti people follow Theravada Buddhism. Their population is a little more than 1,00,000, and they live in areas straddling Arunachal Pradesh and Assam.
90. Question 90 of 100

    90. Question

    Consider the following statements regarding Apatani tribe:
    (1)These tribes belong to Arunachal Pradesh.
    (2)The traditional handloom of this tribe is a type of loin loom, which is called Chichin.
    Select the correct statements using the code given below:
    (A)1 only
    (B)2 only
    (C)Both 1 and 2
    (D)Neither 1 nor 2

    • A
    • B
    • C
    • D
    Correct
    

    Incorrect
    

    Both the statements are correct.

    Unattempted
    

    Both the statements are correct.
91. Question 91 of 100

    91. Question

    Consider the following statements regarding Islamic rule in India:
    (1) The people who adopted Islam accepted giving zakat as one of the pillars of the faith.
    (2) Ulama performed religious functions and refrained themselves from political affairs of the court.
    Which of the statements given above is/are correct?
    (A) 1 only
    (B) 2 only
    (C) Both 1 and 2
    (D) Neither 1 nor 2

    • A
    • B
    • C
    • D
    Correct
    

    Incorrect
    

    Statement 1 is correct. The developments that followed the coming of Islam were not confined to ruling elites; in fact they permeated far and wide, through the subcontinent, amongst different social strata – peasants, artisans, warriors, merchants, to name a few. All those who adopted Islam accepted, in principle, the five “pillars” of the faith: that there is one God, Allah, and Prophet Muhammad is his messenger (shahada); offering prayers five times a day (namaz/salat); giving alms (zakat); fasting during the month of Ramzan (sawm); and performing the pilgrimage to Mecca (hajj).
    Statement 2 is incorrect. The Muslim rulers were to be guided by the ulama, who were expected to ensure that they ruled according to the shari‘a. Ulama were the scholars of islamic studies. As preservers of this tradition they performed various religious, political, judicial and teaching functions.

    Unattempted
    

    Statement 1 is correct. The developments that followed the coming of Islam were not confined to ruling elites; in fact they permeated far and wide, through the subcontinent, amongst different social strata – peasants, artisans, warriors, merchants, to name a few. All those who adopted Islam accepted, in principle, the five “pillars” of the faith: that there is one God, Allah, and Prophet Muhammad is his messenger (shahada); offering prayers five times a day (namaz/salat); giving alms (zakat); fasting during the month of Ramzan (sawm); and performing the pilgrimage to Mecca (hajj).
    Statement 2 is incorrect. The Muslim rulers were to be guided by the ulama, who were expected to ensure that they ruled according to the shari‘a. Ulama were the scholars of islamic studies. As preservers of this tradition they performed various religious, political, judicial and teaching functions.
92. Question 92 of 100

    92. Question

    Consider the following statements regarding Central Institute of Classical Tamil:
    (1)The institute is engaged in the task of developing Tamil through various programmes of its Own.
    (2)It is an autonomous Institute of higher research, functioning under the Ministry of Culture.
    Select the correct statements using the code given below:
    (A)1 only
    (B)2 only
    (C)Both 1 and 2
    (D)Neither 1 nor 2

    • A
    • B
    • C
    • D
    Correct
    

    Incorrect
    

    • Statement 1 is correct: To carry out higher research on Classical Tamil at International levels not to be found elsewhere globally.
    O The institute is engaged in the task of developing Tamil through Various programmes of its own.
    O The institute is also responsible for the Kural Peedam Award. It is a lifetime Achievement presidential award given to eminent scholars of classical Tamil.
    O Located in: Chennai
    • Statement 2 is incorrect: It functions under Min of Education.

    Unattempted
    

    • Statement 1 is correct: To carry out higher research on Classical Tamil at International levels not to be found elsewhere globally.
    O The institute is engaged in the task of developing Tamil through Various programmes of its own.
    O The institute is also responsible for the Kural Peedam Award. It is a lifetime Achievement presidential award given to eminent scholars of classical Tamil.
    O Located in: Chennai
    • Statement 2 is incorrect: It functions under Min of Education.
93. Question 93 of 100

    93. Question

    With regard to the Amravati School of Art, consider the following statements?
    (1) It was patronized by the Satavahana rulers.
    (2) It had influence of Hellenistic and Greek art features.
    Which of the following statements is/are correct?
    (A) 1 only
    (B) 2 only
    (C) Both 1 and 2
    (D) Neither 1 nor 2

    • A
    • B
    • C
    • D
    Correct
    

    Incorrect
    

    Statement 1 is correct. In Amravati, situated in the eastern Deccan, a different type of art form evolved and flourished for nearly six centuries commencing from 200-100 BC. The Amravati School of Art was Patronized by the Satavahanas and later by the Ikshvakus and also by other groups (feudatories, officials, and merchants).
    Statement 2 is incorrect. Amravati School of Art was indigenous in character. It included description of Jataka stories. Through the successive stages, one may observe an advance in technique and refinement. The first period dating from 200-100 BC, is evidenced at Jagayyapeta, where a few slabs on decorative pieces at the base of the stupa have been found. These slabs depict pilasters at intervals with animals above bell-shaped capitals and devotees adoring the Buddha, who is symbolically represented.

    Unattempted
    

    Statement 1 is correct. In Amravati, situated in the eastern Deccan, a different type of art form evolved and flourished for nearly six centuries commencing from 200-100 BC. The Amravati School of Art was Patronized by the Satavahanas and later by the Ikshvakus and also by other groups (feudatories, officials, and merchants).
    Statement 2 is incorrect. Amravati School of Art was indigenous in character. It included description of Jataka stories. Through the successive stages, one may observe an advance in technique and refinement. The first period dating from 200-100 BC, is evidenced at Jagayyapeta, where a few slabs on decorative pieces at the base of the stupa have been found. These slabs depict pilasters at intervals with animals above bell-shaped capitals and devotees adoring the Buddha, who is symbolically represented.
94. Question 94 of 100

    94. Question

    Which of the following statements with regard to the practice of untouchability in the Ancient India is incorrect?
    (A) People who were considered being outside the Varna System were considered as ‘untouchables’.
    (B) Certain activities considered polluting were to be performed by Shudras.
    (C) Manusmriti laid down the duties of the Chandalas.
    (D) Chinese Pilgrim Xuan Zang observed that executioners and scavengers were forced to live outside the city.

    • A
    • B
    • C
    • D
    Correct
    

    Incorrect
    

    Option A is correct. Brahmanas considered some people as being outside the Varna system and they also developed a sharper social divide by classifying certain social categories as “untouchable”. This rested on a notion that certain activities, especially those connected with the performance of rituals, were sacred and by extension “pure”. Those who considered themselves pure avoided taking food from those they designated as “untouchable”.
    Option B is incorrect. Shudras were part of the Varna System and were given the occupation of servitude to all the other three Varnas viz. – the Brahmins, the Kshatriyas and the Vaishyas.
    However, some activities were regarded by the Brahmanas as particularly “polluting”. These included handling corpses and dead animals. Those who performed such tasks, designated as Chandalas, were placed at the very bottom of the hierarchy. Their touch and in some cases even seeing them was regarded as polluting by those who claimed to be at the top of the social order.
    Option C is correct. The Manusmriti laid down the “duties” of the chandalas such as, they had to live outside the village, use discarded utensils, and wear clothes of the dead and ornaments of iron. They could not walk about in villages and cities at night. They had to dispose of the bodies of those who had no relatives and serve as executioners.
    Option D is correct. Chinese Pilgrim Xuan Zang (c. seventh century) observed that executioners and scavengers were forced to live outside the city.

    Unattempted
    

    Option A is correct. Brahmanas considered some people as being outside the Varna system and they also developed a sharper social divide by classifying certain social categories as “untouchable”. This rested on a notion that certain activities, especially those connected with the performance of rituals, were sacred and by extension “pure”. Those who considered themselves pure avoided taking food from those they designated as “untouchable”.
    Option B is incorrect. Shudras were part of the Varna System and were given the occupation of servitude to all the other three Varnas viz. – the Brahmins, the Kshatriyas and the Vaishyas.
    However, some activities were regarded by the Brahmanas as particularly “polluting”. These included handling corpses and dead animals. Those who performed such tasks, designated as Chandalas, were placed at the very bottom of the hierarchy. Their touch and in some cases even seeing them was regarded as polluting by those who claimed to be at the top of the social order.
    Option C is correct. The Manusmriti laid down the “duties” of the chandalas such as, they had to live outside the village, use discarded utensils, and wear clothes of the dead and ornaments of iron. They could not walk about in villages and cities at night. They had to dispose of the bodies of those who had no relatives and serve as executioners.
    Option D is correct. Chinese Pilgrim Xuan Zang (c. seventh century) observed that executioners and scavengers were forced to live outside the city.
95. Question 95 of 100

    95. Question

    Which of the following statements is/are correct regarding the Vijayanagara Empire?
    (1) Vijayanagara rulers were follower of the god Virupaksha.
    (2) The empire was founded in the fourteenth century.
    (3) They did not use mortar or any other cementing agent for construction of fortification walls.
    Select the answer using the code given below.
    (A) 1 and 2 only
    (B) 2 and 3 only
    (C) 1 and 3 only
    (D) 1, 2 and 3

    • A
    • B
    • C
    • D
    Correct
    

    Incorrect
    

    Statement 1 is correct. According to tradition and epigraphic evidence two brothers, Harihara and Bukka, founded the Vijayanagara Empire in 1336. This empire included within its fluctuating frontiers peoples who spoke different languages and followed different religious traditions. The Vijayanagara kings claimed to rule on behalf of the god Virupaksha.
    Statement 2 is correct. Vijayanagara or “city of victory” was the name of both a city and an empire. The empire was founded in the fourteenth century. In its heyday it stretched from the river Krishna in the north to the extreme south of the peninsula.
    Statement 3 is correct. No mortar or cementing agent was used in the construction of fortification walls. The stone blocks were wedge shaped, which held them in place and the inner portion of the walls was of earth packed with rubble.

    Unattempted
    

    Statement 1 is correct. According to tradition and epigraphic evidence two brothers, Harihara and Bukka, founded the Vijayanagara Empire in 1336. This empire included within its fluctuating frontiers peoples who spoke different languages and followed different religious traditions. The Vijayanagara kings claimed to rule on behalf of the god Virupaksha.
    Statement 2 is correct. Vijayanagara or “city of victory” was the name of both a city and an empire. The empire was founded in the fourteenth century. In its heyday it stretched from the river Krishna in the north to the extreme south of the peninsula.
    Statement 3 is correct. No mortar or cementing agent was used in the construction of fortification walls. The stone blocks were wedge shaped, which held them in place and the inner portion of the walls was of earth packed with rubble.
96. Question 96 of 100

    96. Question

    Consider the following statements with respect to origin of Buddism and Jainism
    (1) Complex rituals and sacrifices
    (2) The rigid caste system
    (3) Improvement in the conditions of Vaishyas
    Which of the following code are not responsible for growth of Buddhism and Jainism?
    (A) 1 and 2
    (B) 2 and 3 only
    (C) 1, 2, and 3
    (D) None of the above

    • A
    • B
    • C
    • D
    Correct
    

    Incorrect
    

    The complex rituals and sacrifices advocated in the Later Vedic period were not acceptable to the common people. The sacrificial ceremonies were also found to be too expensive. The superstitious beliefs and mantras confused the people. The teachings of Upanishads, an alternative to the system of sacrifices, were highly philosophical in nature and therefore not easily understood by all.
    Therefore, what was needed in the larger interests of the people was a simple, short and intelligible way to salvation for all people.
    Social and economic factors also contributed to the rise of these two religions. The rigid caste system prevalent in India generated tensions in the society.
    The growth of trade and urbanisation led to the improvement in the economic conditions of the Vaisyas .
    As a result, they wanted to enhance their social status but the orthodox Varna system did not allow this.
    Therefore, they began to extend support to Buddhism and Jainism.

    Unattempted
    

    The complex rituals and sacrifices advocated in the Later Vedic period were not acceptable to the common people. The sacrificial ceremonies were also found to be too expensive. The superstitious beliefs and mantras confused the people. The teachings of Upanishads, an alternative to the system of sacrifices, were highly philosophical in nature and therefore not easily understood by all.
    Therefore, what was needed in the larger interests of the people was a simple, short and intelligible way to salvation for all people.
    Social and economic factors also contributed to the rise of these two religions. The rigid caste system prevalent in India generated tensions in the society.
    The growth of trade and urbanisation led to the improvement in the economic conditions of the Vaisyas .
    As a result, they wanted to enhance their social status but the orthodox Varna system did not allow this.
    Therefore, they began to extend support to Buddhism and Jainism.
97. Question 97 of 100

    97. Question

    Around the time Alexander invaded India, Chandragupta Maurya and Kautilya initiated a popular movement against the Nanda rule. Why was the movement launched?
    (A) The oppressive ways of tax collection by Nandas were resented by people.
    (B) Nanda kingdom was financially crippled and unable to withstand any foreign invasion.
    (C) Nanda was a weak dynasty which could be usurped for financial gains to Mauryas.
    (D) Nandas had colluded with Alexander.

    • A
    • B
    • C
    • D
    Correct
    

    Incorrect
    

    The enormous wealth of the Nandas is referred to in the Tamil Sangam work Ahananuru by the poet Mamulanar. So, (B) is incorrect.
    Many historians believe that a considerable portion of the Deccan was also under the control of the Nandas.
    Nandas never had the opportunity to see their army up against Alexander, who invaded North-western India at the time of Dhana Nanda, sinceAlexander was forced to confine his campaign to the plains of Punjab and Sindh. So, (D) can”t be correct.
    The oppressive way of tax collection by Dhana Nanda was resented by the people. Taking advantage of this, Chandragupta Maurya and Kautilya initiated a popular movement against the Nanda rule. It was during this time that Alexander invaded India. So, (A) is correct.

    Unattempted
    

    The enormous wealth of the Nandas is referred to in the Tamil Sangam work Ahananuru by the poet Mamulanar. So, (B) is incorrect.
    Many historians believe that a considerable portion of the Deccan was also under the control of the Nandas.
    Nandas never had the opportunity to see their army up against Alexander, who invaded North-western India at the time of Dhana Nanda, sinceAlexander was forced to confine his campaign to the plains of Punjab and Sindh. So, (D) can”t be correct.
    The oppressive way of tax collection by Dhana Nanda was resented by the people. Taking advantage of this, Chandragupta Maurya and Kautilya initiated a popular movement against the Nanda rule. It was during this time that Alexander invaded India. So, (A) is correct.
98. Question 98 of 100

    98. Question

    Consider following statements related to prominent Buddhist Literary works:
    (1) Milinda Panha means “Questions of Milinda ” containing dialogue of Indo-Greek king Meander and Buddhist monk Nagasena .
    (2) Mahavamsa means “Great Chronicle” which deals about kings of Sri-Lanka and is known as world”s longest unbroken historical accounts.
    Choose correct codes:
    (A) both
    (B) none
    (C) 2 only
    (D) 1 only

    • A
    • B
    • C
    • D
    Correct
    

    Incorrect
    

    Refer Class XI , Ncert , Ancient India.

    Unattempted
    

    Refer Class XI , Ncert , Ancient India.
99. Question 99 of 100

    99. Question

    Barabar caves was an important art of Maurya culture, consider the following statements regarding this cave:
    (1) Barabar hill cave wear also known as lomus rishi cave.
    (2) Interior of this cave is rectangular.
    (3) It is located in Gaya, Bihar.
    Select the correct codes given below:
    (A) 1,2
    (B) 1,3
    (C) 2,3
    (D) 1,2,3

    • A
    • B
    • C
    • D
    Correct
    

    Incorrect
    

    ● The rock-cut cave carved at Barabar hills near Gaya in Bihar is known as the LomusRishi cave.
    ● The facade of the cave is decorated with the semicircular chaitya arch as the entrance.
    ● The elephant frieze carved in high relief on the chaitya arch shows considerable movement.

    Unattempted
    

    ● The rock-cut cave carved at Barabar hills near Gaya in Bihar is known as the LomusRishi cave.
    ● The facade of the cave is decorated with the semicircular chaitya arch as the entrance.
    ● The elephant frieze carved in high relief on the chaitya arch shows considerable movement.
100. Question 100 of 100

     100. Question

     Consider the following statements with regard to literary evidences of existence of ideas alternative to Brahmanical ideas mentioned in Dharmasutras or in Manusmriti:
     (1) Mrichchakatika, a play written by Shudraka, describes its protagonist as both a Brahmana and a merchant.
     (2) Matanga Jataka is a story of a Bodhisattva who is identified as an outcaste, Chandala.
     Which of the statements given above is/are correct?
     (A) 1 only
     (B) 2 only
     (C) Both 1 and 2
     (D) Neither 1 nor 2

     • A
     • B
     • C
     • D
     Correct
     

     Inc